1、阅读理解-练习十六及答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text A(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, many aspects
2、 of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an article about a police officer that got busted committing some kind of corrupt act
3、.Corruption within police departments falls into two basic categories, which are external corruption and internal corruption: external corruption that concerns police contacts with the public, and internal corruption, which involves the relationships among policemen within the work of the police dep
4、artment. The external corruption generally consists of one or more of the following activities: 1) Payoffs to police by essentially non-criminal elements who fail to comply with stringent statutes or city ordinances (for example, individuals who repeatedly violate traffic laws). 2) Payoffs to police
5、 by individuals who continually violate the law as a method of making money (for example, prostitutes, narcotic addicts and pushers, professional burglars). 3) “Clean Craft“ where money is paid to police for services, or where courtesy discounts are given as a matter of course to the police.In simpl
6、e terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) misuse of authority, 2) misuse of officia
7、l capacity, and 3) misuse of personal attainment. It can be said that power inevitably tends to corrupt, and it is yet to be recognized that, while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged w
8、hen policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple. Their deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal. Most studies support the view that corruption is endemic, if not universal, in police departments. The danger of corruption for police may invert the formal goals of the organizat
9、ion and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it.（分数：4.00）(1).The author implies in the first paragraph that（分数：1.00）A.aspects of police corruption have undergone some changes.B.it seems impossible to stop police corruption.C.cases of policeme
10、n violating the law are quite often exposed.D.police corruption is not supposed to be reported by national newspapers.(2).Which of the following activities is NOT included in the external corruption as is described by the author in the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Payoffs to police for repeatedly violating tr
11、affic laws.B.Bribery for being let go after caught for committing corruption.C.Money paid to police for being engaged in dishonest trades.D.Policemen accepting free services or special discounts.(3).The word “deviance“ in the third paragraph most probable means（分数：1.00）A.violation.B.visualization.C.
12、derivation.D.devotion.(4).The main purpose of the passage is to（分数：1.00）A.analyze the phenomenon and nature of police corruption.B.identify various cases of police corruption.C.point out the inevitability of police corruption.D.distinguish police external corruption from internal corruption.二、Text B
13、(总题数：1，分数：3.00)We are always between tears and laughter, meeting crisis, big and little. Just by being people, we are always in trouble-with hurt feelings, defeated ambitions, unrequired love, grief and loneliness. The truth is that when we are in trouble we discover swiftly and painfully what kind
14、of inner resources, what imperishable treasures of mind we have deposited in the bank of the spirit against this rainy day.The people who fail to meet the stresses and strains of life are often those who have never learned to cherish the little happiness when it comes along.But the little happiness
15、is transient, a sweet accident. We can cultivate a more enduring resource. In our minds all events happen, all joys live, all sorrows find philosophy that tempers them. Here is a citadel that cannot be taken, a region of peace where storm cannot enter unless we welcome it. Then there is a resource o
16、f character. Character means many things, but it has no component more valuable than the habit of doing what has to be done. The people who sustain grief and calamity best have accepted life as difficult, which in itself is brave, but they are also prepared to walk up to the peril, the grief, the di
17、saster, and do what is needed.Another great resource is the resource of love. We are, in a deep sense, what our relationships to other human beings make us. Only the discipline of human sympathy keeps life from growing poor and brittle. If we keep our sympathy and understanding alive, then we will f
18、eel so warm a bond with other people that in time of trouble it will hearten us just to look into the faces of our fellow men and feel the comforting sense of our common human destiny.Work is yet another resource, as well as great therapy, against pain. The more difficult and challenging the thing w
19、e are working at, the better, for we cant work hard without using up some of the energy that might go into self-pity.Finally, there is a resource of faith, of belief in lifes essential goodness. To be sure, life is not always fair. But it is good and joyous nonetheless; and the most courageous thing
20、 one can do is snatch joy out of the very path of pain.The thing to remember is that, in joy and sorrow alike, life itself is precious. And perhaps we never have any need to ask of it more than this; that it gives us a chance to be what we can be; experience what we can experience; and love what we
21、can love.（分数：3.00）(1).The writer implies in the passage that（分数：1.00）A.people are more likely to feel depressed and lonely on a rainy day.B.if we see our fellow people also suffer like us, well feel better.C.people who sustain grief and calamity prefer a perilous life.D.our life is so cherishable wi
22、th both joy and sorrow.(2).By comparing the little happiness to “a sweet accident“ (Paragraph 3), the author probably means（分数：1.00）A.the little happiness is too trivial to be noticed.B.happy moment lead to grief as it is too short-lived.C.happy moment comes along unexpected and passes quickly.D.the
23、re is something that makes people happy and sad at the same tim(3).Which of the following best sums up the main idea of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Cultivating Enduring Resources.B.How to Treasure Our Life.C.What Should People Live For.D.What Can We Get form Lif三、Text C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Until recently, wome
24、n in advertisements were one of three things-an apron, a glamorous dress or a frown. Although that is now changing, many women still feel angry enough to deface offending advertisements with stickers protesting, “This ad degrades women.“ Why does this sort of advertising exist? How can advertisers a
25、nd ad agencies produce, sometimes, after months of research, advertising that offends the consumer?The Advertising Standards Authority (the body which deals with complaints about print media) is carrying out research into how women feel about the way they are portrayed in advertisements. Its conclus
26、ions are likely to be what the advertising industry already knows: although women are often irritated by the way they are seen in ads, few feel strongly enough to complain.Women are not the only victims of poor and boring stereotypes-in many TV commercials men are seen either as useless, childish oa
27、fs (笨蛋，低能儿) who are unable to perform the simplest household tasks, or as in considerate books, permanently on the lookout for an escape to the pub. But it is women who seem to bear the brunt of the industrys apparent inability to put people into an authentic present-day context.Yet according to Emm
28、a Bennett, executive creative director of a London advertising agency, women are not infuriated by stereotypes and sexist advertising. It tends to wash over them, they are not militant or angry-they just find it annoying or tiresome. They reluctantly accept outdated stereotypes, but heave a sigh of
29、relief when an advertisement really gets it right.She says that it is not advertisings use of the housewife role that bothers women, but the way in which it is handled. “Researchers have often asked the wrong questions. The most important thing is the advertisements tone of voice. Women hate being p
30、atronized, flattered or given desperately down-to-earth commonsense advice.“In the end, the responsibility for good advertising must be shared between the advertiser, the advertising agency and the consumer. Advertising does not set trends but it reflects them. It is up to the consumer to tell adver
31、tisers where they fail, and until people on the receiving end take the business seriously and make their feelings known, the process of change will remain laboriously slow.（分数：5.00）(1).Despite recent changes in attitudes, some advertisements still fail to（分数：1.00）A.change womens opinions of themselv
32、es.B.show any understanding of womens feelings.C.persuade the public to buy certain products.D.meet the needs of the advertising industry.(2).According to the writer, the commonest fault of present-day advertising is to（分数：1.00）A.condemn the role of the housewife.B.ignore protests against advertisem
33、ents.C.present a misleading image of women.D.misrepresent the activities of men.(3).Emma Bennett suggests that advertisement ought to（分数：1.00）A.give further emphasis to practical advice.B.change their style rather than their content.C.use male images instead of female ones.D.pay more compliments to
34、women than befor(4).Ultimately the advertising industry should（分数：1.00）A.take its job more earnestly.B.do more pioneering work.C.take notice of the public opinion.D.concentrate on the products advertise(5).The author seems to suggest that in order to improve advertising the customer should（分数：1.00）A
35、.remind advertisers of what have been overlooked.B.take over the management of advertising agencies.C.take no notice of what is reflected in ads.D.refuse to buy products misrepresented by some ads.四、Text D(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Most inhabitants of cities earn their income by the provision of goods and servi
36、ces to other inhabitants of the same city, so they frequently fail to realize that in the final analysis every city is dependent for its survival on the world beyond its boundaries. This is true not only in the obvious sense that commodities must be supplied from outside the city to feed and clothe
37、the urban population and fuel its machinery, but also in the more fundamental sense that a city exists in a particular location only because that site enables it to serve the economic and political needs of areas outside the city.Geographers and economists categorize as “basic enterprises“ those ent
38、erprises which produce goods or perform services largely for sale outside the city. A factory producing cars would be a basic enterprise, but one producing bottled drinks for the local market would be not. The ratio of workers in basic enterprises to workers serving the internal markets of the city
39、itself is designated the “basic-service ratio“.The basic service ratio varies with the size of the city. In a very small city of 10,000, the ratio is roughly 2 to 1, but in a major city of 100,000 the ratio is 1 to 2. In other words the largest cities generate so much internal demand for goods and s
40、ervices that only a third of their labor force is likely to be involved in activities serving the surrounding territory. Nevertheless it is the surrounding territory which sustains the city, for the city as an economic unit would have no income if those who inhabited it merely served one another, an
41、d consequently it could not survive. No city has ever been self-sustaining.But what is the “surrounding territory“ of a major city? Most exchanges of goods and services between a city and other regions occur within a 100-mile region of the city, but it is obvious that all cities have at least some e
42、conomic relations with places much more distant than that. For instance most manufactured products can be distributed economically by road anywhere within a 450-mile radius of the factory where they are produced, and goods which can be transported by ship or sent by train can reach even more distant
43、 markets. Thus the “surrounding territory“ served by a major city may include the entire world.（分数：4.00）(1).According to the author, the particular location of a city enables it（分数：1.00）A.to attract more people from other areas.B.to serve the needs of other cities.C.to serve the needs of areas outsi
44、de the city.D.to serve the needs of areas inside the city.(2).The word “sustain“ in the passage (Paragraph 3) probably means（分数：1.00）A.support.B.survive.C.suspend.D.circulat(3).According to the passage, “basic enterprises“（分数：1.00）A.produce bottled drinks for the local market.B.produce cars for sale
45、 both in and outside the city.C.produce goods or perform services largely for sale inside the city.D.produce goods or perform services largely for sale outside the city.(4).What does the author imply by saying “No city has ever been self-sustaining“? (Paragraph 3)（分数：1.00）A.No city can only depend o
46、n supplies from its surrounding territory.B.No city can supply enough goods and services for itself.C.No city can survive without being involved in activities serving the surrounding territory.D.No city can survive without a reasonable “basic-service ratio.“五、Text E(总题数：1，分数：4.00)After the fatal sho
47、oting of Jean Charles de Menezes, an innocent Brazilian electrician, the police should fear a backlash from the entire civilized community.Ken Livingstone, the Mayor of London, who can normally be relied on for controversy, has declined to condemn either the specifics of this event or the shoot-to-k
48、ill strategy. The Liberal Democrats, whose purpose in life, surely, is to defend civil rights in difficult times, are similarly reticent. It has been left to the Brazilian Government to express anger about the manner in which Mr. Menezes died.The attempt to blame Mr. Menezes for his own death contin
49、ues unabated. It was hinted that he might have been an illegal immigrant, as if that justifies what occurred. It has been argued that it was irresponsible of him to wear a quilted jacket in July, as if that were a crime. It is intoned, for the fact that he ran when armed plain clothed police officers shouted at him.At a minimum, the Metropolitan Police should be expressing something a little stronger than regret. The spirit in which they are operating was summed up by Lord Stevens, the former Commissioner of the Met, in his News of the World Column yesterday. Now Sir John Stevens
