1、阅读理解-练习十八及答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text A(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to studies of the more immediate past. This has been called “historical archaeology,“ a ter
2、m that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.Back in the 1930s and 1940s, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role
3、of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the 1950s and 1960s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments, where
4、they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, social scientists not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they were treading
5、 on historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their own knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.More recentl
6、y, professional archaeologists have taken over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. Th
7、is newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past.In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city a
8、t a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the buildings basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary.（分数：6.00）(1).This passage mainly discusses
9、（分数：1.00）A.why historical archaeology was first developed.B.how the methods and purposes of historical archaeology have changed.C.the contributions architects make to historical archaeology.D.the attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.(2).According to the first paragra
10、ph, what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?（分数：1.00）A.Investigating the recent past.B.Studying prehistoric cultures.C.Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.D.Comparing findings made in North America and in Europ(3).According to the passage, when had historical archaeologis
11、ts been trained as anthropologists?（分数：1.00）A.Prior to the 1930s.B.During the 1930s and 1940s.C.During the 1950s and 1960s.D.After the 1960s(4).The word “framed“ in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.understood.B.read.C.avoided.D.pose(5).In the third paragraph, the author implies
12、 that the techniques of history and the techniques of social science are（分数：1.00）A.quite different from each other.B.equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures.C.usually taught to students of archaeology.D.both based on similar principles.(6).The author mentions an excavation at the site of a h
13、otel in Sacramento in order to give an example of（分数：1.00）A.a building reconstruction project.B.the work of the earliest historical archaeologists.C.a finding that conflicts with the existing written records.D.the kind of information that historians routinely examin二、Text B(总题数：1，分数：3.00)It was an e
14、arly September day, cool and bright for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep, exhausting hills. Still, I felt rested and springy; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount Kisco, New Yor
15、k. She too was running easily, moving along efficiently at my speed. The pace felt comfortable, so I decided to stay where I was; why bother concentrating on pace when she was setting such a nice one? Id overtake her later on when she was tired.So I was running behind her. The course headed north fo
16、r five miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting tougher. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work. I was breathing hard, and my legs were turning to mush.Peggy overtook a young male runner. Apparently she kne
17、w him, for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You dont chat during a race unless you are feeling good, and Peggy plainly was. There was still a noticeable bounce in her stride, but whatever resilience Id once possessed had long since left me.Still, I wa
18、s close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didnt give up hope completely. We were approaching a long, punishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost certainly determine who crossed it first.As I moved up the hill
19、, working hard, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away-first five yards, then ten, then it was clear that there was no hope of catching her. She beat me decisively.There is an important lesson in that race. Much of what you read about running makes a sharp d
20、istinction between the sexes. Women are assumed to be weaker slower and not nearly as adept athletically. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly demonstrated, the similarities between male and female runners are more important than the differences. I have run with a number of women, both in training and in c
21、ompetition, and I can testify that it is often hard work.（分数：3.00）(1).We can infer that the story is told from the point of view of（分数：1.00）A.a female runner.B.a male runner.C.a judge.D.a looker-on.(2).In the second paragraph, by saying “I decided to stay where I was“, the narrator probably means（分数
22、：1.00）A.he was to stop to watch Peggy running.B.he would keep the same speed as he had been doing.C.he felt it good to run behind Peggy.D.he did not bother to compete with Peggy.(3).The important lesson the narrator has learned from that race is that（分数：1.00）A.there is a sharp distinction between th
23、e sexes in running.B.women are weaker, slower, and less adept but Peggy is an exception.C.Male and female runners have much in common and that accounts more for their success in a race.D.he has been unable to outdo women runners any more since that rac三、Text C(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Researchers at the Univer
24、sity of Toronto have taken important steps toward producing a profile of an abusive parent. Prof. Gary Walters and doctoral student Lynn Oldershaw of the Department of Psychology have developed a system to characterize parents who physically abuse their children. This could ultimately allow social s
25、ervice professionals to identify parents in child abuse. Over the last five years, Walters and Oldershaw, in collaboration with Darlene Hall of the West End Creche, have examined over 100 mothers and their three-to-six-year-old children who have been physically abused. In the laboratory, the mother
26、and child spend 30 minutes in structured activities such as playing, eating and cleaning-up. The family interaction is videotaped and later analyzed.The researchers have developed a system, which allows them to record the effectiveness of parenting skills. They are particularly interested in discipl
27、inary strategies because abuse most commonly occurs when the parent wants the child to comply. “Its a question of trying to determine which type of parent produces which type of child or which type of child elicits which type of parental behavior,“ explains Oldershaw.As a result of their work, Walte
28、rs and Oldershaw have identified distinct categories of abusive parents and their children. “Harsh / Intrusive“ mothers are excessively harsh and constantly badger their child to behave. Despite the fact that these mothers humiliate and disapprove of their child, there are times when they hug, kiss
29、or speak to them warmly. This type of mothering produces an aggressive, disobedient child.A “covert / hostile“ mother shows no positive feelings towards her child. She makes blatant (明显的) attacks on the childs self-worth and denies him affection or attention. For his part, the child tries to engage
30、his mothers attention and win her approval.An “emotionally detached“ mother has very little involvement with her child. She appears depressed and uninterested in the childs activities. The child of this type of mother displays no characteristics that set him apart from other children.In order to put
31、 together a parenting profile, the two researchers examine the mother / child interaction and their perception and feelings. Abusive parents are often believed to have inadequate parenting skills and are referred to programs to improve these skills. These programs are particularly appropriate for pa
32、rents who, themselves, were raised by abusive parents and as a result are ignorant of any other behavior toward her child.One of the goals of the psychologists is to provide information to therapists which will help tailor therapy to the individual needs of the abusive parents.（分数：3.00）(1).Which of
33、the following is NOT observed by the researchers in their study of abusive parents?（分数：1.00）A.Therapy tailored for the individual needs of the abusive parents.B.Interaction between mother and child.C.The mothers parenting skills.D.Parents disciplinary strategies.(2).The findings about the three type
34、s of abusive parents are used to support the statement that（分数：1.00）A.abusive parents themselves were brought up by their own abusive parents.B.abusive parents are believed to have inadequate parenting skills.C.abusive parents want their children to comply with their wishes.D.a certain type of paren
35、t produces a certain type of chil(3).We can infer from the passage that（分数：1.00）A.abusive parents are extremely interested in disciplinary strategies.B.many abusive parents just copy the behavior of their own abusive parents.C.an emotionally detached mother produces an indifferent child.D.parents be
36、havior of child abuse is easily identifiabl四、Text D(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The US vetoed a UN Security Council resolution calling on governments to observe international law. After deliberately targeting the civilian public health infrastructure (建筑基础), the US military imposes a continuing economic blockade
37、on Iraq which has directly resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children. The US government is the primary financier and arms supplier for the decade-long Israeli war against the entire Palestinian people. The US armed forces and US-organized and/or US-financed ally or proxy forces hav
38、e killed millions upon millions of civilians since the end of World War . This is the not-so-hidden meaning of the Stars and Stripes, as the vast majority of people around the world understand it.Now the US government has begun what it bills as an open-ended “War on Terrorism“, which conveniently ig
39、nores the fact that in the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century it is the United States of America that, by its own definition, is the most prolific terrorist force in the world. At the same time US leaders are choosing to target whichever individuals, organizations,
40、regimes and/or nation-states-among the wide array of opponents of US policies-are deemed most convenient this week, leaving the rest for next week, next year or the next decade. This is, of course, a recipe for a perpetual war, which is as well understood by President Bush and the other architects o
41、f the “New World Order“, as it was by the architects of a similar project of world empire that was proudly proclaimed the Third Reich (希特勒的第三帝国), under a flag with a similarly not-so-hidden meaning.Perpetual war serves a number of purposes for the present administration. It is under wartime conditio
42、ns that the US will, at least initially, face the least resistance as it finishes the now over two century-long processes of gutting the Bill of Rights and voiding the inconvenient parts of the US Constitution. It is under conditions of war that the campaign to defeat the anti-globalization movement
43、 can be fought with increasingly militant and dirty tactics. It is under wartime conditions that all opponents of US policies anywhere in the world, including within the US itself, can be most easily labeled “terrorist“, at the same time that the mass media can be most easily mobilized as a total pr
44、opaganda machine. And it is under conditions of war that the arms production, oil production and military technology corporations that funded President Bushs election by the Supreme Court will be most handsomely rewarded without too many questions ever being asked. And best of all, wartime condition
45、s lend themselves to the easy mobilization of xenophobic (仇视外国人的), politically reactionary, flag-waving patriotism.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the passage, the purpose of the US veto against a UN Security Council resolution calling on governments to observe international law is（分数：1.00）A.to target whi
46、chever opponents of US policies in the world.B.to impose a continuing economic blockade on Iraq.C.to finance and supply arms for the Israeli war against Palestine.D.to target the civilian public health infrastructur(2).According to the author, the not-so-hidden meaning of the Stars and Stripes is（分数
47、：1.00）A.the US intention to be the most prolific terrorist force in the world.B.an architecture project of a world empire similar to that of the Third Reich.C.the US campaign to defeat the anti-globalization movement.D.a perpetual war for the “New World Order“.(3).Which of the following is NOT what
48、the perpetual war can do for the US according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Facing the least resistance as it avoids the most important part of the US Constitution.B.Keeping the flag-waving patriotism always in full swing.C.Labeling all opponents of US policies anywhere in the world “terrorists“.D.The e
49、asy mobilization of xenophobic, politically reactionary, flag-waving patriotism.(4).Which of the following statements can be used to best sum up the whole passage?（分数：1.00）A.The US Government has done so much against the US Constitution.B.The US Government has begun an open-ended “War on Terrorism“.C.The US should be condemned for international terrorism.D.The US should be compared to the Third Reic(5).The word “recipe“ in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.process.B.structure.C.mobilization.D.bill.五、Text E(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Steve Robinson went for
