1、阅读理解-练习二十二及答案解析(总分：20.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Text A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)When your parents advise you to “get an education“ in order to raise your income, they tell you only half the truth. What they really mean is to get just enough education to provide manpower for your society, but not so much that you prove a
2、n embarrassment to your society.Get a high school diploma, at least. Without that, you will be occupationally dead unless your name happens to be George Bernard Shaw or Thomas Alva Edison, and you can successfully dropout in grade school.Get a college degree, if possible. With a B.A., you are on the
3、 launching pad. But now you have to start to put on the brakes. If you go for a masters degree, make sure it is an M.B.A., and only from a first-rate university. Beyond this, the famous law of diminishing returns that begins to take effect.Do you know, for instance, that long-haul truck drivers earn
4、 more per year than full professors? Yes, the average 1977 salary for those truckers was $24,000. While the full professors managed to earn just $23,030.A Ph.D. is the highest degree you can get. Except for a few specialized fields such as physics or chemistry where the degree can quickly be turned
5、to industrial or commercial purposes, if you pursue such a degree in any other field, you will face a dim future. There are more Ph.D.s unemployed or underemployed in this country than any other part of the world.If you become a doctor of philosophy in English or history or anthropology or political
6、 science or languages or-worst of all-in philosophy, you run the risk of becoming overeducated for our national demands. Not for our needs, mind you, but for our demands.Thousands of Ph.D.s are selling shoes, driving cars, waiting on table, and endlessly filling out applications month after month. T
7、hey may also take a job in some high school or backwater college that pays much less than the janitor earns.You can equate the level of income with the level of education only so far. Far enough, that is, to make you useful to the gross national product, but not so far that nobody can turn much of a
8、 profit on you.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the writer, what the society expects of education is to turn out people who（分数：1.00）A.will not be a disgrace to society.B.will become loyal citizens.C.can take care of themselves.D.can meet the nations demands as a source of manpower.(2).Many Ph.D.s are out o
9、f job because（分数：1.00）A.they are improperly educated.B.they are of little commercial value to their society.C.there are fewer jobs in high schools.D.they prefer easier jobs that make more money.(3).The nation is only interested in people（分数：1.00）A.with diplomas.B.who specialize in physics and chemis
10、try.C.who are valuable to the gross national product.D.both A and C.(4).Which of the following is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.Bernard Shaw didnt finish high schools, nor did Edison.B.One must think carefully before pursuing a master degree.C.The higher your education level, the more money you will earn.D.If
11、 you are too well-educated, youll be overeducated for societys demands.(5).The writer sees education as（分数：1.00）A.a means of providing job security and financial security and a means of meeting a countrys demands for technical workers.B.a way to broaden ones horizons.C.more important than finding a
12、job.D.an opportunity that everyone should hav二、Text B(总题数：1，分数：4.00)There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another. Three basic ways may be described as the market system, the administered system, and the traditional system.In a market system individual econo
13、mic units are free to interact with each other. It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them. In a market, transactions may take place via barter or money exchange. In a barter economy, real goods such as automobiles, shoes, and pizzas are traded against ea
14、ch other. Obviously, finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task. Hence, the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably. In the modern market economy, goods and services are bought or sold for money.An al
15、ternative to the market system is administrative control by some agency over all transactions. This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each kind of goods and services should be produced, exchanged, and consumed by each economic unit. Central planning may be one way of administeri
16、ng such an economy. The central plan drawn up by government shows amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption. This is an example or complete planning of production, consumption, and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional soc
17、iety, production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition: every persons place with the economic system is fixed by parentage, religion, and custom. Transactions take place on the basis of tradition, too. People belonging to a certain group of caste may have an obligation to care for other
18、 persons, provide them with food and shelter, care for their health, and provide for their education. Clearly, in a system where every decision is made on the basis of tradition alone, progress may be difficult to achieve and therefore a stagnant society may result.（分数：4.00）(1).What is the main purp
19、ose of the passage?（分数：1.00）A.To outline contrasting types of economic system.B.To explain the science of economics.C.To argue for the superiority of one economic system.D.To compare barter and money-exchange markets.(2).According to the passage, a barter economy can lead to（分数：1.00）A.rapid speed of
20、 transactions.B.misunderstandings.C.inflation.D.difficulty for the traders.(3).According to the passage, who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system?（分数：1.00）A.Individual households.B.Small businesses.C.Major corporationsD.The government.(4).Which of the following is NOT mention
21、ed by the author as a criterion for determining a persons place in a traditional society?（分数：1.00）A.Family background.B.Age.C.Religious belief.D.Custom.三、Text C(总题数：1，分数：4.00)Of all the varieties of music which fill our concert halls, theaters, and nightclubs, only jazz is native American music. Sym
22、phonies and concertos, the ancestors of movie and television scores as well as of “serious“ or “legitimate“ electronic music, were first composed in Germany. Musical comedies descended from opera, which was first performed in Italy. And our ever-popular nightclub singers are the musical heirs of the
23、 French singers of chansons.The one form of music which did not originate in Europe and which is popular today worldwide is jazz. Jazz was born in New Orleans, the child of the Blacks. It drew on the rhythms as well as the emotionalism of the African music of the Black ancestors, which had been tran
24、sformed into ragtime and the blues. Improvisation was an indispensable element. Musicians were permitted, in solo performance, plenty of freedom to play in whatever variations just as their creative mood happened to lead them along. But during the Swing Era (1930s-1950s), impromptu renditions gave w
25、ay to arrangement. It was a period when jazz had its widest popular appeal with the big bands that boasted of such outstanding bandleaders as Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller and a whole galaxy of top-notch instrumentalists.Rock music in the 1960s is a sociological expression rather than a musical force
26、 and the rock arena was seen as a sort of debating forum, a place where ideas clash and crash, where American youngsters struggle to define and redefine their feelings and beliefs. Bob Dylon touched a nerve of disaffection. He spoke of civil rights, nuclear fallout, and loneliness. He spoke of chang
27、e and of the bewilderment of an older generation. “Somethings happening here,“ he sang. “You dont know what it is, do you, Mr. Jones?“Others entered the debate. The Beatles urged peace and piety with humor and maybe a little help from drugs. Feelings, always a part of any musical statement, were a m
28、ajor subject. Elvis Presley became the pop icon, maybe because he acted out your wildest fantasies, brought out your subdued id, embodied your frustrated teenage spirit, encouraged your protest against traditional values. In this sense, rock is the music of teenage rebellion. All aspects of music-it
29、s exciting offbeat, loudness, self-absorbed lyrics and raving delivery-indicated a defiance of adult authority.（分数：4.00）(1).The title that we can use to sum up the whole passage is（分数：1.00）A.The Origin and Development of Jazz.B.The Popularity of the Rock Music.C.The Development of Music from Jazz to
30、 Rock.D.The Social Function of Musi(2).In the second paragraph, “Impromptu renditions“ is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.freedom to play without arrangement.B.rhythm and emotionalism.C.music played by big bands.D.ragtime and blues.(3).The first sentence in Paragraph 3 can be best interpreted as（分数：
31、1.00）A.rock stars asked the audience to take their stand on political issues.B.rock stars helped society to form its code of ethics.C.rock stars revealed their own problems and their attitude toward society.D.rock stars argued about some social issues among themselves.(4).Which of the following is t
32、rue according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Ragtime was played by musicians dressed in rags.B.Blues was performed by singers dressed in blue.C.Ragtime and blues did not evolve until 1950s.D.Ragtime and blues were based on African musi四、Text D(总题数：1，分数：4.00)A well-established distinction in memory theory
33、 is that between short-term and long-term memory. The former refers to our ability to do such things as remember telephone numbers long enough to dial them; the latter concerns the wide range of ways in which experiences can affect behavior many years later. Given the two different kinds of ability,
34、 it is reasonable to hypothesize that each is represented differently in the brain. An experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that long-term memory implies a chemical change in the brain cells while short-term memory involves patterns of impulses in circuits of nerve cells.One group of rats
35、were taught to run through a maze. Five minutes after learning the task, they were cooled to 5 , the temperature at which all electrical activity in the brain ceases. They were then kept at this temperature for 15 minutes before being allowed to return to their normal temperature. They were then run
36、 through the maze, again.A second group of rats were taught to run the same maze, and then immediately cooled to 5 for 15 minutes. After being allowed to return to their normal temperature, an attempt was made to run the second group through the maze again. It was found that rats in the first group
37、had no difficulty with the maze the second time, suggesting that they did not have to relearn the task. Rats in the second group which was cooled immediately after learning the maze, on the other hand, could not negotiate the maze successfully, i.e., they apparently could not remember what they had
38、learned.It was concluded from this experiment that short-term memory (in rats, at least) is unlike long-term memory. Short-term memory involves electrical impulses since at a temperature where electrical activity ceases, there is no memory. Long-term memory, in contrast, is unaffected by the disrupt
39、ion of electrical activity and may involve structural changes in brain cells.（分数：4.00）(1).What is the main idea of this passage?（分数：1.00）A.The difference between short-term memory and long-term memory.B.The experiments of two groups of rats.C.The temperature for rats to lose their memory.D.The impor
40、tance of memory.(2).Remembering address belongs to（分数：1.00）A.short-term memory.B.long-term memory.C.both A and B.D.neither A or B.(3).The experiments of two groups of rats indicate that（分数：1.00）A.temperature affects rats memory.B.the relationship between temperature and memory is very clear.C.there
41、is distinction between short-term memory and long-term memory.D.rats can relearn the task after forgetting it.(4).If rats are cooled to 5 for 15 minutes immediately, what will happen after being allowed to return to their normal temperature?（分数：1.00）A.They have no difficult in crossing the same maze
42、.B.They lose their way in the maze.C.They can remember the way correctly.D.They go through the maze after several tryin五、Text E(总题数：1，分数：3.00)Before the 1850s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whos
43、e primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spre
44、ading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable (受人尊敬的) colleges-Harvard, Yale, Columbia-and trans
45、form them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a
46、 university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher scholars. Drilling and learning by rote (死记硬背) were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professors own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the P
47、h.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and
48、 course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric, and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own courses of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new
49、goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close heed to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturalists, social welfare workers, and teachers.（分数：3.00）(1).Why did many students decide to study aboard in the 19th century?（分数：1.00）A.Because thousands of young Americans wanted to go to Germany to study.B.Because young Americans were not s
