1、阅读理解-练习三及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Test 1(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word “pharmacy,“ which comes f
2、rom the Greek pharmakon, meaning “purification through purging.“By 3500 B. C. , the Sumerians in the Tigris Euphrates valley had developed virtually all of our modern methods of administering drugs. They used gargles (漱口药), inhalations (吸入药), pills, lotions, ointments (药膏), and plasters. The first d
3、rug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus (paper m
4、ade of grass), a scroll dating from 1900 B. C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trail-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was suggested, and to numb the
5、 pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily ease a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The “chief of the preparers of drugs“ was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the “collectors of drugs,“ f
6、ield workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The “preparers aides“ (technicians) dried and ground ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the “preparers.“ And the “conservator of drugs“ oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb, and animal-orga
7、n ingredients were kept.By the seventh century B. C., the Greeks had adopted sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed that a physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind
8、) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health, even if the suspected “mental“ causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression but interpreted as curses from displeased gods.The modern era of pharmacology began in the sixte
9、enth century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine.Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass
10、before superstition was displaced by scientific fact: one major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease causing something such as bacteria and viruses, continued to dream up imaginary evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease wa
11、s still based largely on trial and error.Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions
12、to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.（分数：5.00）(1).The author cites the definition of “pharmakon“ in the first paragraph in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.show that early man viewed illness as punishment from godsB.infer that medicine has a long historyC.show that early man believed that medici
13、ne and religion were closely relatedD.make the reader better understand the word “pharmacy“(2).Which of the following is the similarity between Sumerian drugs and modern drugs?（分数：1.00）A.Sumerian drugs and modern drugs are almost the same.B.Both of the two include drugs for mental and physical disor
14、ders.C.The two are products of supplicated lab research.D.They have similar administration measures.(3).The word “hierarchy“ in the 4th paragraph refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.the status of physicians in societyB.the division of laborC.the process of drug preparationD.the components of ancient drugs(4).Acc
15、ording to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：1.00）A.Ancient Sumerians have developed basic ways of administering drugs.B.The Egyptian physicians learned from trail and error.C.The body-mind view in the 7th . . meant that pharmacology became totally scientific.D.The first discovery i
16、n chemistry in the 16th century led to modern pharmacology.(5).Why did it take a long time to replace the superstitious view of medicine with scientific fact?（分数：1.00）A.Physicians failed to realize the microorganism caused by disease.B.Physicians tended to dream up imaginary evils.C.Physicians knew
17、nothing of chemistry.D.Physicians were deeply affected by the ancient medical viewpoints.三、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Something incredible is happening in a lab at Duke Universitys Center for Neuroengineering-though, at first, its hard to see just what it is. A robot arm swings from side to side, eerily l
18、ifelike, as if it were trying to snatch invisible flies out of the air. It pivots around and straightens as it extends its mechanical hand. The hand clamp shuts and squeezes for a few seconds, then relaxes its grip and pulls back to shoot out again in a new direction. OK, nothing particularly astoni
19、shing here-robot arms, after all, do everything from building our cars to sequencing our DNA. But those robot arms are operated by software; the arm at Duke follows commands of a different sort. To see where those commands are coming from, you have to follow a tangled trail of cables out of the lab
20、and down the hall to another, smaller room.Inside this room sits a motionless macaque monkey (短尾猿).The monkey is strapped in a chair, staring at a computer screen. On the screen a black dot moves from side to side; when it stops, a circle widens around it. You wouldnt know just from watching, but th
21、at dot represents the movements of the arm in the other room. The circle indicates the squeezing of its robotic grip; as the force of the grip increases, the circle widens. In other words, the dot and the circle are responding to the robot arms movements, And the arm? Its being directed by the monke
22、y.Did I mention the monkey is motionless?Take another look at those cables. They snake into the back of the computer and then out again, terminating in a cap on the monkeys head, where they receive signals from hundreds of electrodes buried in its brain. The monkey is directing the robot with its th
23、oughts.For decades scientists have pondered, speculated on, and pooh-poohed the possibility of a direct interface between a brain and a machine-only in the late 1990s did scientists start learning enough about the brain and signal-processing to offer glimmers of hope that this science-fiction vision
24、 could become reality. Since then, insights into the workings of the brain-how it encodes commands for the body, and how it learns to improve those commands over time-have piled up at an astonishing pace, and the researchers at Duke studying the macaque and the robotic arm are at the leading edge of
25、 the technology. “This goes way beyond whats been done before,“ says neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, co-director of the Center for Neuroengineering. Indeed, the performance of the centers monkeys suggests that a mind-machine merger could become a reality in humans very soon.Nicolelis and his team a
26、re confident that in five years they will be able to build a robot arm that can be controlled by a person with electrodes implanted in his or her brain. Their chief focus is medical-they aim to give people with paralyzed limbs a new tool to make everyday life easier. But the success they and other g
27、roups of scientists are achieving has triggered broader excitement in both the public and private sectors. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already doled out $ 24 million to various brain-machine research efforts across the United States, the Duke group among them. High on DARPAs wi
28、sh list. mind-controlled battle robots, and airplanes that can be flown with nothing more than thought. You were hoping for something a bit closer to home? How about a mental telephone that you could use simply by thinking about talking?（分数：5.00）(1).Why is what happening in the lab incredible?（分数：1.
29、00）A.There is a moving eerily lifelike robot arm.B.Robot arm is trying to snatch invisible flies.C.Robot arms do everything from building cars to sequencing DNA.D.The robot arm follows special commands.(2).The monkey directs the arm motion with _.（分数：1.00）A.the cablesB.the black dotC.the computerD.t
30、he thoughts(3).Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（分数：1.00）A.Robot arms are rarely used in industrial production.B.Knowledge about human brain and its signal-processing is the basis of brain-machine interface.C.If a patient wants to have a robot arm, he has to have electrode
31、s implanted in his brain.D.This new technology is of great practical meanin(4).According to Nicolelis, the technology will be helpful in the following fields EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.industryB.medical fieldC.militaryD.daily life(5).Which of the following is the best title for this passage?（分数：1.00）A.Robo
32、t arms and brain.B.Mind over machine.C.Science-fiction vision becomes reality.D.Applications of robot arms.四、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)About a year ago, while at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign posted at the check-out counter. In essence, it said the store was using only plastic bags.On th
33、e surface, that seemed to be very environmentally unfriendly. But the sign went on to explain a rationale that hadnt occurred to me until then, asserting that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasnt biodegradable. Paper
34、bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic.It got me thinking, so I looked into it a bit further. According to the Society of Plastics Industry, it requires 400 percent more energy to manufacture a paper
35、 bag than a plastic one. And while paper bags are compostable and biodegradable, they also cost the world trees, potentially increasing greenhouse gases. (I say “potentially“ because if the trees used are from paper farms and were planted only for the purpose of being cut down, then those wouldnt fa
36、ctor in here. )I suppose we could end the discussion by simply purchasing those canvas grocery bags that are showing up in supermarkets everywhere. But what sort of impact does their production have on the environment?Im just saying there are no easy answers. And you know what they say about the roa
37、d to hell and good intentions. I was talking about this recently with my husband, John, who had probably the best suggestion of all.Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start to fall apart, yo
38、uve really done a good thing, havent you? You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.Theres another environmental dilemma Ive been struggling with, too. We use quite a lot of paper plates in my house. Im not going to defend it, because I know all
39、about landfills and deforestation and any other argument you could throw my way. But I also know a thing or two about the need for convenience and necessary evils. But are paper plates really evil? I dont know.Doesnt the energy used to run the dishwasher and the chemicals from the dishwashing deterg
40、ent that eventually enter the water table count for anything? That might be even worse.（分数：5.00）(1).From the passage we can learn that _.（分数：1.00）A.the store uses plastic bags because it doesnt concern about environmentB.the store believes that plastic bags have less negative impact on environmentC.
41、the author doesnt care about environmentD.the author doesnt agree with the store(2).The store chooses to use plastic bags because it believes _.（分数：1.00）A.plastic bags are greenB.plastic bags are biodegradable and can be used many timesC.paper bags cost energy in transportation and world trees, prob
42、ably increasing greenhouse gassesD.paper bags are more energy-consuming than plastic ones(3).In the fifth paragraph, the sentence “you know what they say about the road to hell and good intention“ means that _.（分数：1.00）A.people should buy canvas grocery bags to protect the environmentB.people should
43、 use plastic bags instead of paper bagsC.people may intent to protect the environment but turn out to jeopardize itD.the author doesnt think using canvas grocery bags is a good idea(4).By “another environmental dilemma“ in Paragraph 7, the author means that _.（分数：1.00）A.she doesnt know which kind of
44、 bags to use, plastic ones or paper onesB.she has no idea whether using paper plates is evil or notC.she knows clearly about how using paper plates will destroy the environment but still use themD.how much energy will be used to run the dishwasher and whether chemicals from dishwashing detergent wil
45、l pollute the water(5).Which of the following is the best title for this passage?（分数：1.00）A.Am I really helping Mother Earth?B.How to protect the environment?C.The environmentally friendly plastic bags.D.Plastic bags or paper bags?五、TEXT D(总题数：1，分数：5.00)When I was thirteen, my family moved from Bost
46、on to Tucson, Arizona. Before the move, my father gathered us together after dinner on a freezing January night. My sisters and I clustered around the fire, unaware that the universe was about to suddenly change its course. “Ive been transferred. In May, were moving to Arizona.“The words-so small, j
47、ust two sentences-didnt seem big enough to hold my new fate, But without any further ceremony, the world changed and I awoke on a train moving across the country. I watched the landscape shift like a kaleidoscope from green trees to flat dusty plains to soaring mountains as I glimpsed strange new pl
48、ants that hinted of mysteries yet to come. Finally, we arrived and settled into our new one-story adobe home.While my older sisters grieved the loss of friends, schools, dances, and trees, I eagerly explored our new surroundings. I never realized there could be such a variety of cacti: saguaro, pinc
49、ushion, prickly pear, barrel, cholla. Nor could I ever have imagined trees as stranger as the Joshua trees that grew in our yard. And the mountains! I had never seen mountains before, and now they surrounded me.One afternoon, I was out exploring as usual and espied a new kind of cactus. It looked like a green ball covered in soft white fur. I crouched down for a closer look. “Youd better not touch that. That white stuff may look like harmless fur, but theyre actually spines and theyre devil to get out. “I turned
