1、职称英语理工类 A 级-19 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B第 1 部分：词汇选项/B(总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.The population of the island consists of equal numbers of men and women.（分数：1.00）A.containsB.intendsC.includesD.involves2.The express train went through the station with a mighty roar.（分数：1.00）A.a strongB.an influentialC.a
2、powerfulD.a long3.The label on the packet read: “This product contains no artificial colouring or flavouring.“（分数：1.00）A.man-madeB.specialC.toxicD.harmful4.The teacher said she liked my composition, and then proceeded to criticize every line of it!（分数：1.00）A.continuedB.finishedC.revealedD.enjoyed5.A
3、lthough technically we speak the same language, many British people feel the United Stated to be an alien culture.（分数：1.00）A.an outlandishB.a foreignC.a refinedD.a barbarian6.The man walked into the library and dumped a pile of books on the counter.（分数：1.00）A.spreadB.droppedC.gently putD.placed7.The
4、 lighting in the art gallery was very simple, but very effective.（分数：1.00）A.impressiveB.capableC.usefulD.comfortable8.In 1970, the United States was still by far the most productive of countries in the world, with a gross national product of $ 1, 014, 750 million which amounted to $ 4,950 per person
5、.（分数：1.00）A.worked up to beB.worked in beingC.worked on beingD.worked out to be9.Savitskiy works for a company that imports spare parts for foreign cars, a Uthriving/U business. A. booming B. blooming C. dooming D glooming（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.10.The church forecasts that by 2015 this number will increas
6、e to nearly to million.（分数：1.00）A.rejectedB.projectedC.releasedD.produced11.He is one of those men who dislike work intensely and will do anything to avoid it.（分数：1.00）A.extremelyB.very muchC.severelyD.a large amount12.It is not certain whether there will be enough advertising revenues to go round.（
7、分数：1.00）A.goodsB.fundC.programsD.facilities13.At 90, many individuals still remain healthy and energetic.（分数：1.00）A.intelligentB.roughC.robustD.revivable14.Certainly we need law or else society will deteriorate to provide survival, but it doesnt create cooperation.（分数：1.00）A.synergyB.energyC.symptom
8、D.sympathy15.We can take control aggressively of the way we age and delay body deterioration that causes activities to be severely limited.（分数：1.00）A.regenerationB.depressionC.degenerationD.repression二、B第 2 部分：阅读判断/B(总题数：1，分数：7.00)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出 7 个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A；如果该句提供的是错误信
9、息，请选择 B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，请选择C。Imagine eating everything delicious your want-with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldnt it?New “fake fat“ products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called
10、 olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients(营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So its up to consumers to decide whether the new fatfree products tas
11、te good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat the cant be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines(肠
12、) “grab“ molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules
13、 are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broke
14、n down. Manufacturers say its that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being abs
15、orbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids(类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlim
16、ited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.（分数：7.00）(1).Olestra is a substance that makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(2).The result of the search for an easily digesti
17、ble fat turned out to be quite unexpected.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(3).Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(4).The possible negative effect of Olestra is that it
18、 may impair the digestive system.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(5).Some critics say the new compound may increase the risk of cancer.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(6).Adding vitamins to olestra may trigger a new wave of fake food production.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B
19、.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned(7).Olestra can pass through the intestines without being absorbed.（分数：1.00）A.A. Right B.B. Wrong C.C. Not mentioned三、B第 3 部分：概括大意与完成句子(总题数：1，分数：8.00)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有 2 项测试任务：(1)第 2326 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中为规定段每段选择1 个正确的小标题；(2)第 2730 题要求从所给的 6 个选项中选择 4 个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。There are now
20、over 700 million motor vehicles in the world-and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year. The average distance driven by car users is growing too-from 8 km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles had given rise to major prob
21、lems, including environmental pollution, depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety.2. Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy freight could only be carried by water or rail. The invention of the motor vehi
22、cle brought personal mobility to the masses and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. Today 90 per cent of inland freight in the United Kingdom is carried by road. Clearly the world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into congested and pollution
23、ways of transporting people and goods?3. In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing. Urban sprawl means t
24、hat life without a car is nest to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.4. A 1993 study by the European Federation for Transport and Environment found th
25、at car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of he external social costs it entails such as congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet cars easily surpass trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode o
26、f personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to give up private cars in favour of mass transit.5. Technical solutions can reduce the pollution problem and increase the fuel efficiency of engines. But fuel consumption and exhaust emissions depend on which cars are preferred by customers a
27、nd how they are driven. Many people buy larger cars than they need for daily purposes or waste fuel by driving aggressively. Besides, global car use is increasing at a faster rate than the improvement in emissions and fuel efficiency which technology is now making possible.6. A more likely scenario
28、seems to be a combination of mass transit systems for travel into and around cities. With small “low emission“ cars for urban use and larger hybrid or lean burn cars for use elsewhere. Electronically tolled highways might be used to ensure that drivers pay charges geared to actual road use. Better i
29、ntegration of transport systems is also highly desirable-and made more feasible by modern computers. But these are solutions for countries which can afford them. In most developing countries, old cars and old technologies continue to predominate.（分数：8.00）(1).Paragraph 3 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Paragrap
30、h 4 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).Paragraph 5 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).Paragraph 6 _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).Transport by horse would not be _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).Most European cities were no designed _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).Technology alone can not solve _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).Peoples choice of car and attitude to driving
31、 is _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、B第 4 部分：阅读理解/B(总题数：3，分数：45.00)下面有 3 篇短文，每篇短文后有 5 道题，每题后面有 4 个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从 4 个选项中选择 1 个最佳答案。B第一篇/BPart science and part natural history, ornithology(鸟类学) owes its tremendous popularity as a science and a scientific recreation to a simple circumstance that is someti
32、mes forgotten when we weigh the eligibility(有被选资格，合适)of different kinds of animals for informal study. Birds are day animals where others, just as engaging in their waymice, for instanceare creatures of the night. Apart from their visibility (something very much in their favor), the beauty of birds
33、and their many appealing habits have won for them a huge fan following that has more than once tempted impatient and ill-informed laboratory biologists to dismiss ornithology as so much bird-watchingan absurdly unjust judgment that ignores the fact that ornithology has made a number of profoundly im
34、portant contributions to general biology.Professional biologists are not hard put to reel off(滔滔不绝地讲) a list of distinctive contributions that ornithology has made to general biology science. They will cite, for example, Ernst Mayrs investigations of evolution and the mechanisms of speciation (物种形成)
35、, or M. R. Irwins work on the immunologic performance of species of Columbidae(pigeons and doves) and of hybrids(杂交种)between them. Then again, David Lacks studies on mortality in wild populations of birds are the most illuminating life tables of wild animals and animal demography (统计学) generally. Mo
36、st important of all, perhaps is the contribution that ornithology has made to the study of animal behavior, beginning with Julian Huxley s classic study of the courtship habits of the great crested great and followed by Niko Tinbergens studies on the behavior of herring gulls.（分数：15.00）(1).What is t
37、he main idea of the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Birds are widely studied because they are popular in the home.B.Ornithology has made important contributions to biology.C.Professional biologists often engage in bird-watching for recreation.D.Animal behavior is best studied by observing birds.(2).Why mice are
38、described in the passage as “creatures of the night“ because they are_.（分数：3.00）A.frightening to many peopleB.hunted by birdsC.studied while in hibernationD.active after dark(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the first as a reason for popular interest in birds?（分数：3.00）A.Their ecological
39、 value.B.Their appealing habits.C.Their visibility.D.Their beauty.(4).The pronoun “They“ in the second paragraph refers to_.（分数：3.00）A.ornithology and general biological scienceB.contributionsC.professional biologistsD.birds(5).David Lack s research contributed to biological science specifically in
40、the area of_.（分数：3.00）A.EvolutionB.mating behaviorC.animal demographyD.immunologyB第二篇/BThe use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently c
41、ontradicting the principle of energy conservation.Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant(致冷剂) that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, lowpressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The
42、 refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the
43、pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature o this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located insi
44、de, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of air: room air and outside air, respectively.The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-rev
45、ersal capability allows heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air.Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged
46、? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in
47、 capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume
48、low rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore, the mass of cold refrigerantand thus the thermal energy it carriesis less than ii
49、 the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climateswhere the most heat is neededheat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.（分数：15.00）(1).The primary purpose of the passage is to _.（分数：3.00）A.explain the differences in the working of a he
