1、职称英语(综合类)5 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.The machine must be operated (by hand). It isnt automatic.（分数：-1.00）A.mentallyB.annuallyC.manuallyD.heavily2.Many economists have given in to the fatal (lure) of mathematics.（分数：-1.00）A.errorB.functionC.attractionD.miracle3.He had been (forced) to give up muc
2、h of his time to housework.（分数：-1.00）A.compelledB.demandedC.determinedD.required4.Eating too much fat can (lead to) heart disease and cause high blood pressure.（分数：-1.00）A.attribute toB.attend toC.contribute toD.devote to5.The doctor soon made the worried patient feel (comfortable).（分数：-1.00）A.at ea
3、seB.in privateC.at restD.in peace6.He is sure of the coming of investment (boom) after adopting the new investment policies.（分数：-1.00）A.decreaseB.increaseC.influenceD.preparation7.Navajo Indians create sand paintings by arranging grains of sand, ground-up minerals, and seeds of various colors into (
4、designs).（分数：-1.00）A.mapsB.ritualsC.patternsD.rows8.I think this is a (deliberate) insult.（分数：-1.00）A.carelessB.intentionalC.humiliatingD.serious9.The initial appearance of the silver three-cent piece (coincided with) the first issue of three-cent stamps in 1851 .（分数：-1.00）A.collided withB.was simil
5、ar toC.was equipped withD.occurred at the same time10.Our public transportation is not (sufficient) for the need of the people in our major cities.（分数：-1.00）A.additionalB.efficientC.excessiveD.adequate11.They (debated) for hours, but could not agree on an answer.（分数：-1.00）A.consultedB.arguedC.examin
6、edD.forgot12.Starfish (cling to) stones by the suction of their innumerable tube feet.（分数：-1.00）A.attractB.destroyC.swim over toD.hold fast to13.The boss put great (stress) on the workers so that they could work harder.（分数：-1.00）A.angerB.controlC.pressureD.nerve14.Color changes in chameleons (seem)
7、to be caused by environmental temperature as well as by other external stimuli.（分数：-1.00）A.haveB.appearC.oughtD.used15.Dont (hesitate) to let me know if there is anything I can do for you.（分数：-1.00）A.pauseB.refuseC.rejectD.waitThe Attitude For Computers As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era
8、about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn b
9、y experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imitate life. As computers get more complete, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In anothe
10、r 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computers brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of t
11、he equipment for survival. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneou
12、sly and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased ten times every ei
13、ght years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new speci
14、es will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the species must be mans flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon. （分数：-0.98）(1).Dr. Samu
15、el Johson disapproved of ladies to preach.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of growth of reasoning power.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).In terms of making decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because
16、in the long procedures of evolution the slow pace of life didnt require such an ability of the human brain.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).When he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesnt mean that human beings have lost control of computers.（分数：-0.14）A.Righ
17、tB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a
18、 man.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedHealth Education 1. Health education is the part of health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behavior. A persons behavior may be the main cause of a health problem, but it can also be the main solution. This is true for the teenager who smokes,
19、 the mother with the poorly nourished (营养) child, and the butcher (屠夫,卖肉的人) who gets a cut on his finger. By changing their behavior these individuals can solve and prevent many of their own problems. 2. Health education does not replace other health services, but it is needed to promote the proper
20、use of these services. One example of this is immunization (免疫) : scientists have made many vaccines (疫苗) to prevent diseases, but this achievement is of no value unless people go to receive the immunization. 3. Health education encourages behavior that promotes health, prevents illness, cures disea
21、se, and contributes to recovery. The needs and interests of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities are at the heart of health education programs. Thus there, are many opportunities for practicing health education. 4. Health education is not the same thing as health information
22、. Correct information is certainly a basic part of health education, but health education must also address the other factors that affect health behavior such as availability (可获性) of resources, effectiveness of community leadership, social support from family members, and levels of self-help skills
23、. Health education therefore uses a variety of methods to help people understand their own situations and choose actions that will improve their health. Health education is incomplete unless it encourages involvement and choice by the people themselves. 5. Also, in health education we do not blame p
24、eople if they do not behave in a healthy way. Often unhealthy behavior is not the fault of the individual. In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional and national authorities to make sure that resources and support are available to enable each individual to lead a
25、 healthy life. A. Importance of Immunization B. Relationship with Other Health Services C. Creation of Necessary Conditions for Healthy Behavior D. Encouraging Unhealthy Behavior E. Encouragement of Behavior Good for Your Health F. Addressing a Variety of Behavior-affecting Factors （分数：-1.04）(1).Par
26、agraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).Promoting healthy behavior is the goal of_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(6).Immunization helps to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(7).Health education cannot take the place of_.（分数：-0.13）A.
27、B.C.D.E.(8).Individuals should be provided with necessary conditions for_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.On Antibodies Substances foreign to the body, such as disease-causing bacteria and viruses and other infectious agents, are recognized by the body s immune system as invaders. Our natural defenses against the
28、se infectious agents are antibodies, proteins that seek out the antigens (抗原) and help destroy them. Antibodies have two very useful characteristics. First, they are extremely specific; that is, each antibody binds to and attacks one particular antigen. Second, some antibodies, once activated by the
29、 occurrence of a disease, continue to confer resistance against that disease. Classic example are the antibodies to the childhood diseases of chickenpox(水痘) and measles. The second characteristic of antibodies makes it possible to develop vaccines. A vaccine (痘苗) is a preparation of killed or weaken
30、ed bacteria or viruses that, when introduced into the body, stimulates the production of antibodies against the antigens it contains. It is the first trait of antibodies, their specificity, that makes monoclonal antibody technology so valuable. Not only can antibodies be used therapeutically(在治疗上),
31、to protect against disease; they can also help to .diagnose a wide variety of illnesses, and can detect the presence of drugs, viral and bacterial products, and other unusual or abnormal substances in the blood. Given such a diversity of uses for these diseased-fighting substances, their production
32、in pure quantities has long been the focus of scientific investigation. The conventional method was to inject a laboratory animal with an antigen and then, after antibodies had been formed, collect those antibodies from the blood serum(血清) (Antibody containing blood serum is called antiserum (抗血清).
33、There are two problems with this method: It yields antiserum that contains undesired substances, and it provides a very small amount of usable antibody. Monoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large amounts of pure antibodies. in the following way: we can obtain cells that produce antibo
34、dies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture (培养). If we form a hybrid (混血儿) that combines the characteristic of “immortality“(永生)with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory to produce antibodies that wor
35、k around the clock. In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate (重复) endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a “hybridoma“ (杂交瘤), which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal becau
36、se they come from only one type of cell, the hybridoma cell; antibodies produced by conventional methods, on the other hand, are derived from preparations containing many kinds of cells, and hence are called polyclonal. An example of how monoclonal antibodies are derived is described below. A myelom
37、a is a tumor of the bone marrow (骨髓) that can be adapted to grow permanendy in cell culture. When myeloma cells were fused with antibody-producing mammalian spleen cells, it was found that the resulting hybrid cells, or hybridomas, produced large amounts of monoclonal(骨髓瘤) antibody. This product of
38、cell fusion combined the desired qualities of the two different types of cells: the ability to grow continually, and the ability to produce large amounts of pure antibody. Because selected hybrid cells produce only one specific antibody, they are more pure than the polyclonal antibodies produced by
39、conventional techniques. They are potentially more effective than conventional drugs in fighting disease, since drugs attack not only the foreign substance but the bodys own cells as well, sometimes producing undesirable side effects such as nausea(恶心) and allergic reactions. Monoclonal antibodies a
40、ttack the target molecule and only the target molecule, with no or greatly diminished side effects. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which of the following substances is not an invader to the bodys immune system?（分数：-0.20）A.disease-causing bacteriaB.disease-causing virusesC.antigensD.protein(2).All the following state
41、ments about antibodies are true except_.（分数：-0.20）A.each antibody attack one particular antigenB.all the antibodies resist against the disease when activatedC.the antibodies that attack measles, once activated, continue to confer resistance against measlesD.a vaccine can stimulate the production of
42、antibodies(3).Which of the following functions done NOT belong to antibodies?（分数：-0.20）A.To clone (克隆) themselvesB.To be used therapeuticallyC.To be diagnose some diseasesD.To find out whether something foreign is in the blood(4).The polyclonal antibodies are different from the monoclonal ones in al
43、l the following ways except that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the productive techniques are differentB.the former contains some undesired substancesC.the former attacks the foreign substanceD.the former produces side effects, that is, attack the bodys own cells(5).Which of the following statements is false?（分数：-0.2
44、0）A.The conventional method produces the polyclonal antibodies.B.The conventional method provides a very small amount of antibody.C.Hybridoma can produce antibodies around the clock.D.Antibody might be an invader to the bodys immune system.Old Mothers Children Have Higher Diabetes (糖尿病) Risk Childre
45、n of older mothers run a higher risk of developing insulin-dependent (胰岛素依赖型的) diabetes, the British Medical Journal said. “A strong association was found between increasing maternal (母亲的) age at delivery and risk of (insulin-dependent) diabetes in the child. Risk was highest in firstborn children a
46、nd decreased progressively with higher birth order,“ Professor Edwin Gale and colleagues at Southmead Hospital in Bristol said. Diabetes is a serious, incurable, lifelong disease characterized (以作为特性) by all inability to control the amount of sugar in the blood. Insulin-dependent diabetes, which mai
47、nly affects children, is treated by administering the hormone insulin. Gale looked into 1,375 families in the Oxford area where one or more children had diabetes and found that the risk of a child developing insulin-dependent diabetes increased by 25 percent for each five-year band of the mothers ag
48、e. The risk of developing diabetes was also linked to the age of the father. For every five-year band of the fathers age the risk of the child developing diabetes increased by nine percent. The risk of diabetes was high?est among the firstborn children of mothers who started their families late and
49、the risk decreased by about 15 percent for each subsequent child, the BMJ said. The older the mother, the earlier the start of insulin-dependent diabetes in the child. Other studies have already shown that children born to older mothers, over the age of 35, have an increased risk of diabetes but this study is the first to establish that risk increases continuously in relation to increasing maternal age, Dr. Polly Bingley of Southmead Hospital told Reuters (路透社). The new study is the first to show that risk is related to birth order. T
