1、职称英语(综合类)19 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.Mr. Jackson wants to (give out) this news as soon as possible.（分数：-1.00）A.announceB.emitC.explainD.finish2.The Department of Resources notified the town council that the water supply was (contaminated).（分数：-1.00）A.cutB.dangerousC.divertedD.polluted3.I (spott
2、ed) my father in the crowd.（分数：-1.00）A.recognizedB.recalledC.receivedD.recorded4.The U.S was in 1850 a (divided) nation half slave and half free.（分数：-1.00）A.alliedB.combinedC.unitedD.separate5.It is necessary to make a(n) (abstract) while writing a report.（分数：-1.00）A.summaryB.analysisC.discussionD.i
3、ndex6.William Faulkner was generally (acknowledged) as the major American writer of his time.（分数：-1.00）A.praisedB.prizedC.signedD.regarded7.Capital punishment was (abolished) some years ago in some states of the U. S.（分数：-1.00）A.createdB.decoratedC.improvedD.eliminated8.The number of the Unites Stat
4、es citizens who are (eligible) to vote continues to increase.（分数：-1.00）A.encouragedB.enforcedC.expectedD.entitled9.Is the clock in the tower (accurate)?（分数：-1.00）A.correctB.newC.oldD.wrong10.The train stopped (abruptly), making us wonder where we were.（分数：-1.00）A.all of a suddenB.fastC.quicklyD.slow
5、ly11.A (bare) hill appears behind the jungle.（分数：-1.00）A.baldB.humidC.immenseD.level12.The boss put great (stress) on the workers so that they could work harder.（分数：-1.00）A.angerB.controlC.pressureD.nerve13.The short stories of Katherine Mansfield demonstrate her keen perceptions of human (character
6、).（分数：-1.00）A.natureB.statusC.comedyD.appetite14.She couldnt (judge) distances.（分数：-1.00）A.arbitrateB.discoverC.findD.determine15.Professor Clark continued his research work and (disregarded) his colleagues advice.（分数：-1.00）A.ignoredB.exploredC.realizedD.recognizedGlobal Warming and Technological ch
7、anges Recent studies have identified four major global environmental risks: acid rain, ozone depletion, deforestation and the greenhouse effect. On the whole, thanks to technological changes, people now tend to move toward warmer regions in North America and Europe. Climate warming will probably be
8、a boon to Alaska, which is Americas least productive state in Gross National Product(GNP)per square mile. Studies of the impact of global warming on the United States and other developed regions find that the most vulnerable areas are those dependent on unmanaged ecosystemson naturally occurring rai
9、nfall, run-off and temperatures, and the extremes of these variables. Agriculture, forestry and coastal activities fall into this category. Most economic activity in industrialized countries, however, depends very little on the climate. Intensive-care units of hospitals, communications, heavy manufa
10、cturing and microelectronics are among the sectors likely to be unaffected by climatic change. In selecting whether to set up in, say, Hong Kong or in Warsaw, few businesses will consider temperature a weighty factor. Greenhouse warming would have little effect on Americas national output. About 3%
11、of American GNP originates in climate sensitive sectors such as farming and forestry. Another 10% comes from sectors only modestly sensitive-energy, water systems, property and construction. For the largest share, 87% , comes from sectors, including most services, that are negligibly affected by cli
12、mate change. （分数：-0.98）(1).The article is talking about the acid rain.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).Climate warming will probably not be a blessing to Alaska.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).Farming must consider climate an as important factor.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Men
13、tioned(4).13% of American GNP come from sectors affected by climate changes.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).In industrialized countries, services are scarcely affected by climate changes.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Ozone depletion is not a environmental problem.（分数：-0.14）A.
14、RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Climate changes play an important part in communications.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedParis 1. Paris, the capital and the largest city of the country, is in north central France. The Paris metropolitan area contains nearly 20% of the nation “s population and
15、is the economic, cultural, and political center of France. The French governments have historically favored the city as the site for all decision-making, thus, powerfully attracting nearly all of the nations activities. 2. Paris has grown steadily since it was chosen as the national capital in the l
16、ate 10th century. With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution, a great number of people moved to the city from the country during the 19th century. The migration was especially stimulated by the construction of railroads, which provided easy access to the capital. After World War II more and
17、more immigrants arrived. 3. The city is the centralized control point of most national radio and television broadcasting. It is a place of publication of the most prestigious newspapers and magazines and an international book publishing center. With more than 100 museums, Paris has truly been one of
18、 the greatest concentrations of art treasures in the world. The Louvre, opened as a museum in 1793, is one of the largest museums in the world. 4. In the late 1980s about 4.1 million pupils annually attended about 47,000 elementary schools. In addition, about 5.4 million students attended some 11,20
19、0 secondary schools. Approximately 1.2 million students were enrolled annually at universities and colleges in France in the late 1980s. French centers of learning have served as academic models throughout the world. 5. Paris is the leading industrial center of France, with about one quarter of the
20、nations manufacturing concentrated in the metropolitan area. Industries of consumer goods have always been drawn to Paris by the enormous market of the big population, and modern high-technology industries also have become numerous since World War II. Chief manufactures are machinery, automobiles, c
21、hemicals and electrical equipment. A. Industry in Paris B. Culture C. Education D. Status E. Population Growth F. Economy （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).The Paris area contains nearly
22、_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(6).With the introduction of the Industrial Revolution,_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(7).The city is the centralized control point of_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(8).Industries of consumer goods have been drawn to Paris by_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.A Hierarchy of Hormones All of the cells in a particula
23、r plant start out with the same complement of genes. How then can these cells differentiate and from structures as different as roots, stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is acc
24、omplished by a complex system of chemical messengers that in plants include hormones and other regulatory molecules. Five major hormones have been identified; auxin (生长素), abscisic acid(脱落酸) ,cytokinin(细胞激动素), hetylene(乙烯), and gibberellin(赤霉素). Studies of plants have now identified a new class of r
25、egulatory molecules called oligosaccharins. Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant hormones are pleiotropic (多向性的) rather than specific, that is, each has more than one effect on the growth and development of plants. The five have so many simultaneous effects that they are not very us
26、eful in artificially controlling the growth of crops. Auxin, for instance, stimulates the rate of cell elongation(拉长), causes shoots to grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the growth of lateral(侧面的) shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to develop a vascular(维管的) system, to from lateral roots
27、, and to produce ethylene. The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant hormones is somewhat analogous (类似的) to that of certain hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the hypothalamus (下五脑) in the brain stimulate the anterior(前面的) lobe of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many d
28、ifferent hormones, one of which stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal(肾上腺的) cortex(皮质|). These hormones have specific effects on target organs all over the body. One hormone stimulates the thyroid (甲状腺的) gland, for example, another the ovarian (子房)follicle cells, and so forth. In other
29、 words, there is a hierarchy(统治集团) of hormones. Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosaccharins are fragments of the cell wall released by enzymes (酶): different enzymes release different oligosaccharins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant hormones may actually function by activ
30、ating the enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical messengers from the cell wall. （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because_.（分数：-0.20）A.it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perf
31、ormB.each hormone has various effects on plantsC.none of the hormones can function without the othersD.each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants(2).The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosacharin?（分数：-0.20）A.To stimulate
32、 a particular plant cell to become part of a plants root system.B.To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant call walls.C.To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell.D.To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells.(3).The author me
33、ntions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the_（分数：-0.20）A.way in which hormones are produced by plantB.hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones.C.differences between the best-known plant hormones.D.concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by p
34、lant hormones.(4).According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosacchains?（分数：-0.20）A.Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals.B.Pleasing specific chemical messengers from a plants cell walls.C.Reoducing the hormones that cause plant
35、cells to differentiate to perform different functions.D.Influencing the development of a plants cells by controlling the expression of the cells genes.(5).The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropio hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to_.（分数：-0.20）A.trace the passage of chemic
36、als through the walls of cells.B.pinpoint functions of other plant hormones.C.artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops.D.alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants.Stress Level Tied to Education Level People with less education suffer fewer stressful days, accordin
37、g to a report in the current issue of the Journal of Health and Social Behavior. However, the study also found that when less-educated people did suffer stress it was more severe and had a larger impact on their health. From this, researchers have concluded that the day-to-day factors that cause str
38、ess are not random. Where you are in society determines the kinds of problems that you have each day, and how well you will cope with them. The research team interviewed a national sample of 1,031 adults daily for eight days about their stress level and health. People without a high school diploma r
39、eported stress on 30 percent of the study days, people with a high school degree reported stress 38 percent of the time, and people with college degrees reported stress 44 percent of the time. “Less advantaged people are less healthy on a daily basis and are more likely to have downward turns in the
40、ir health.“ lead researcher Dr. Joseph Grzywacz, of Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, said in a prepared statement. “The downward turns in health were connected with daily stressors, and the effect of daily stressors on their health is much more devastating for the less advantaged.“ Grz
41、ywacz suggested follow-up research to determine why less-educated people report fewer days of stress when it is known their stress is more acute and chronic. “If something happens every day, maybe its not seen as a stressor“ Grzywacz says. “Maybe it is just life. “ stressful adj. 紧张的；压力重的 diploma n.
42、 毕业文凭，毕业证书 stressor n. 紧张刺激物 devastating adj. 毁灭性的 follow-up n. (对病人的)随访 （分数：-1.00）(1).Stress level is closely related to_.（分数：-0.20）A.family size.B.social status.C.body weight.D.work experience.(2).The 1031 adults were interviewed_.（分数：-0.20）A.on a daily basis for 8 days.B.during one of eight days.
43、C.all by Grzywacz.D.in groups.(3).Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days?（分数：-0.20）A.People without any education.B.People without high school degrees.C.People with high school degrees.D.People with college degrees.(4).The less advantaged people are, the greater_.（分数：-0.20）A.the i
44、mpact of stress on their health is.B.the effect of education on their health isC.the level of their education is.D.the degree of their health concern is.(5).Lesseducated people report fewer days of stress possibly because_.（分数：-0.20）A.they dont want to tell the truth.B.they dont want to face the tru
45、th.C.stress is too common a factor in their life.D.their stress is more acute.Biotechnology Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotech
46、nology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented(发酵) in wine, or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt(酸乳酶) or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt(麦芽) and hops(啤酒花) began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make a soft, spongy(多乳的
47、) bread rather than a firm, thin cracker they were acting as fledgling(缺乏经验的) biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. What then is bi
48、otechnology? The term brings to mind different things. Some think of developing new types of animals. Others dream of almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic (治疗的) drugs. Still others envision (想象) the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious(有养分的) and naturally pest-resistant (有抵
49、抗力的) to feed a rapidly growing world population. This question elicits (引发) almost as many first-thought responses as there are people to whom the question can be posed. In its purest form, the term “biotechnology“ refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment. Prehistoric biotechnologists did this as they used yeast cells to raise bread dough(生面团) and to ferment alcoholic beverages, and bacterial cells to make cheeses and yogurts and as they bred t
