1、职称英语(理工类)56 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.The doctor soon made the worried patient feel (comfortable).（分数：-1.00）A.at easeB.in privateC.at restD.in peace2.It is necessary to make a(n) (abstract) while writing a report.（分数：-1.00）A.summaryB.analysisC.discussionD.index3.The (current) edition of that mag
2、azine discusses the ancient civilization of Latin America.（分数：-1.00）A.firstB.latestC.oldD.special4.The students had a lot of trouble (concentrating) on their study because of the noise from the construction outside.（分数：-1.00）A.focusingB.carrying outC.paying forD.continuing with5.The development of t
3、he transistor and integrated circuits revolutionized the electronics industry by allowing components to be packaged more (densely).（分数：-1.00）A.compactlyB.inexpensivelyC.quicklyD.carefully6.Please (check) your bill before you leave the shop and make sure that it is correct.（分数：-1.00）A.pay offB.go ove
4、rC.look upD.find out7.The (first) talks between China and the United States were the base of the later agreement.（分数：-1.00）A.primaryB.originalC.initialD.primitive8.His pronunciation is (simply) terrible.（分数：-1.00）A.merelyB.onlyC.completelyD.partly9.She could not endure the extreme (tension) and brok
5、e into tears suddenly.（分数：-1.00）A.braveryB.strainC.dangerD.security10.When he arrived home, he (deposited) his coat on the floor.（分数：-1.00）A.keptB.locatedC.storedD.placed11.It is his (assumption) of a false theory that made him pay a high price.（分数：-1.00）A.fearB.beliefC.disappointmentD.dream12.The p
6、rice is (somewhat) higher than I expected.（分数：-1.00）A.to some degreeB.at some timeC.in some casesD.for some reason13.Comets are still regarded with (fright) by some people.（分数：-1.00）A.dreadB.concernC.detachmentD.resentment14.He appeared to be (absorbed in) the sports news on TV.（分数：-1.00）A.entertain
7、ed inB.listened toC.concentrating uponD.worried about15.Just before taking off, the pilot once more (asked about) weather conditions.（分数：-1.00）A.inquiredB.demandedC.requestedD.requiredAnother Area of English Language Consider now another area of our language. English has a large number of nouns whic
8、h appear to be neutral with regard to sex, but actually are covertly masculine. Although the dictionary may define poet as one who writes poetry, a woman who writes poetry appears so anomalous or threatening to some,that they use the special term poetess to refer to her. There is no corresponding te
9、rm to call attention to the sex of a man who writes poetry, but then we find nothing remarkable in the fact that poetry is written by men. Of course, if a woman is sufficiently meritorious, we may forgive her sex and refer to her as a poet after all, or, wishing to keep the important fact of her sex
10、 in our consciousness, we may call her a woman poet. However, to balance the possible reward of having her sex overlooked, there remains the possibility of more extreme punishment, we may judge her work so harshly that she will be labelled a lady poet. Once again, the moral is clear, people who writ
11、e poetry are assumed to be men until proven otherwise, and people identified as women who write poetry are assumed to be less competent than sexually unidentified (i.e., presumably male) people who write poetry. If the phenomenon we have been discussing were limited to poetry, we might not regard it
12、 as very significant , after all, our society tends to regard poets as some what odd anyway. But, in fact, it is wide spread in the language. There is a general tendency to label the exception, which in most cases turns out to be women. Many words with feminine suffixes, such as farmerette, authores
13、s, and aviatrix, have such a clear trivializing effect, that there has been a trend away from their use and a preference for woman author and the like. The feminines of many ethnic terms, such as Negress and Jewess, are considered particularly objectionable. Other words, such as actress and waitress
14、, seem to have escaped the negative connotations and remain in use. However, we note that waiters often work in more expensive establishments than do waitresses, that actresses belong to“ Actors Equity, “and that women participants in theatrical groups have begun to refer to themselves as “actors.“
15、on rare occasions, this presumption of maleness in terms which should be sexually neutral, works to womens advantage. If someone is called a bastard, either as a general term of abuse, or as a statement of the lack of legal marital ties between that persons parents, we assume that person is a male.
16、While an illegitimate child may be of either sex, only men are bastard in common usage. Although the dictionary seems to regard this as a sex-neutral term, a recent dictionary of slang gives the term bastard a definition as a “female bastard.“ （分数：-0.98）(1).The word “anomalous“ means ridiculous.（分数：
17、-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).This passage is from a chapter called “Of Girls and Clicks“. From the middle part of the chapter we can know this.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).If a poem is written by a poetess, we tend to judge it favorably.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned
18、(4).The main idea of the passage is that the seemingly neutral English is actually masculine.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).The authors tone can best be described as generally objective, but also somewhat negative.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Woman poet is treated different
19、ly from man poet.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).The author is sneering and nasty to some peoples occupations.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedResistance to Malaria 1. “Our job“, said the health officer, “is to spray the walls of every house in every town and village in the malaria
20、parts of Mexico“. You may be surprised to learn that there are about ninety-nine thousand separate villages and towns. Some are big places like Mexico City, some are single houses deep in the jungles or upon the mountain-tops. The men working with our programme say that most of these localities lie
21、within districts warm enough for the malaria-carrying mosquitoes to live in and spread the disease. That means that we must plan to spray the walls of nearly three million house once or twice a year for five years.“ 2. “We have studied everything very carefully“ , the officer continued. “Our advance
22、 guards have drawn maps of some forty thousand parts of the country for use by the spray teams. Each house in the malaria districts has been given a special number. The United Nations has given us cars and trucks to carry the spray teams and their tools, but many of the houses to be sprayed are too
23、difficult to reach by car. Half of our spray teams go on horseback or by boat.“ 3. “The malaria programme has been popular with the Mexican people. Everyone wants to help. The navy has offered us the services of ships. The Defence Department is helping us plan the movement of men and supplies. The M
24、inistry of Education has printed sheets in Spanish and the more widely spoken Indian languages to explain how malaria is spread and why spraying helps. Doctors have spoken in the churches of many communities to explain the programme.“ 4. Resistance is a problem. It was in the United States that such
25、 resistance to sprays was first proved. Since then many other insects have developed resistance to poisons. Take the case of the housefly and D.D.T. At first D.D.T. killed them off. For a time flies died quickly. Then no more. Now D.D.T. wont hurt a fly. 5. What worries the health workers is the dan
26、ger that mosquitoes may become resistant. Already resistance to some of the sprays has appeared in parts of the world, although no insect is yet resistant to all of the sprays. A. What worries us? B. What we have done? C. Whats our job? D. More and more people joined us. E. It will be a hard work. F
27、. Whats the problem? （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.F.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).The Education Department support the malaria programme by_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(6).D. D. T. is a kind of poisons which could_.（分数：-
28、0.13）A.B.C.D.(7).It takes _ to finish all the projects.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(8).Carrying out such a programme in Mexico needs_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.The Central Dogma Though it comes as no surprise that the composition of DNA between different organisms is different, it is not immediately obvious why the
29、 muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells of any one particular vertebrate(脊椎动物) are so different in their structure and composition when the DNA of every one of their cells is identical. This is the key to one of the most exciting areas of modern cell biology. In different cell types, different s
30、ets of the total number of genes (genome) (基因组) are expressed. In other words, different regions of the DNA are “active“ in the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells. To understand how this difference in DNA activity can lead to differences in cell structure and composition, it is necessary to
31、consider what is often known as the central dogma(法则) of molecular biology: “DNA makes RNA make protein. “ In molecular terms, a gene is that portion of DNA that encodes for a single protein. The dictum“ one gene makes one protein“ has required some modification(改变) with the discovery that some prot
32、eins are composed of several different polypeptide(多肽) chains, but the “one gene makes one polypeptide“ rule does hold. DNA Contains the Blueprint for All Cell Proteins. Messenger RNA is a precise copy (transcript) of the coded sequence of nucleic acid bases in DNA, and this message is translated in
33、to a unique protein molecule on specialist organelles (ribo-somes) present in the cytoplasm(细胞质) of all cells. Proteins(蛋白质), which are largely made up of carbon(C) ,hydrogen(H), oxygen(O) ,and nitrogen(N) ,are constructed from 20 different, common amino acids. The versatility of proteins, the workh
34、orse molecules of the cell, stems from the immense variety of molecular shapes that can be created, by linking amino acids together in different sequences. The smaller proteins consist of only a few dozen amino acids, whereas the larger ones may contain in excess of 200 amino acids, all linked toget
35、her in a linear(线状的) chain by peptide bonds. As the proteins are released from the ribosome(核糖体) ,they fold into unique shapes, under the influence of chemical forces that depend on the particular sequence of amino acids. So the protein primary sequence , encoded in the gene and faithfully transcrib
36、ed and translated into an amino acid chain, determines the three-dimensional structure of the emerging molecule. The human body possesses some 30 000 different kinds of proteins and several million copies of many of these. Each plays a specific rolefor example, hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
37、, actin(肌动蛋白) and myosin(肌球蛋白) interact to generate muscle movement, and acetylcholine (乙酸胆碱) receptor molecules mediate chemical transmission between nerve and muscle cells. EnzymesProtein Biocatalysts An essential group of proteinsthe enzymes (酵素)act as biological catalysts (催化剂) and regulate all
38、aspects of cell metabolism (新陈代谢). They enable breakdown of high-energy food molecules (carbohydrates) to provide energy for biological reactions, and they control the synthetic pathways that result in the generation of lipids(e.g., fats, cholesterol(胆固醇), and other vital membrane(膜) components), ca
39、rbohydrates (碳水化合物) (sugars, starch (淀粉) , and cellulose (纤维素) , the key components of plant cell walls) ,and many vital small biomolecules essential for cell function. （分数：-1.00）(1).The best title of this passage is_.（分数：-0.20）A.Dongma, DNA and EnzymesB.Dogma, Proteins and BiocatalystC.DNA, Protein
40、s and BiocatalystD.DNA, Proteins and Enzymes(2).Which of the following statements about the central dogma is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The central dogma could be expressed as DNA makes RNA make Protein.“B.Each protein contains only one gene.C.Each polypeptide contains only one gene.D.The central dogma is th
41、e key to understand how the difference in DNA activity can lead to the difference in cell structure and composition.(3).“ Stem“ ( para. 3, sent. 3 ) means_.（分数：-0.20）A.caneB.jamC.deriveD.stop(4).We can infer from para. 4 that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the proteins that are released from the ribosome fold into un
42、ique shapes because of their particular sequenceB.the structure of the emerging molecule is determined by the protein primary sequenceC.several million copies of proteins carry out several million kinds of functionsD.the sequence of gene is translated into an amino acid chain(5).Which of the followi
43、ng Statements about Biocatalyst is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The metabolism of cell is regulated by a group of proteins.B.All the enzymes act as biological catalysts.C.Cholestrol is a kind of lipid.D.The Chemical reactions could not take place without enzymes.Regeneration of Limbs Most people would agree th
44、at it would be wonderful if humans could regenerate limbs. Those who have lost their arms or legs would be complete again. The day is still far off when this might happen. But in the last 10 years, doctors have reported regeneration in smaller parts of the body, most often fingers. Regeneration is n
45、ot a newly-discovered process. For centuries, scientists have seen it work in some kinds of animals. Break off a lizards (蜥蜴的) tail, for example, and it will grow a new tail. Scientists now are looking for a way to turn on this exciting ability in more highly-developed animals, including humans. The
46、ir experiments show that nerves, cell chemistry and the natural electric currents in the body all seem to have a part in this process. The body of every animal contains general purpose cells that change into whatever kind of cells the body needs. Animals such as the lizard or salamander (蝾螈) use the
47、se cells to regenerate a new tail or leg when the old one is broken off. These cells collect around the wound. They form a mass called a blastema (胚基). The cells of the blastema begin to change. Some become bone cells, some muscle cells, some skin cells. Slowly, a new part re-grows from the body out
48、ward. When completed, the new part is just like the old one. More than 200 years ago, Italian scientist Luigi Spallanzani showed that younger animals have a greater ability to regenerate lost parts than older animals. So do animals lower on the ladder of evolutionary development. The major differenc
49、e seems to be that less-developed animals have more nerves in their tails and legs than humans do in their arms and legs. Another helpful piece of information was discovered in the late 1800s. Scientists found that when a creature is injured, an electrical current flows around the wound. The strength of the current depends on how severe the wound is and on how much nerve tissue is present. In 1945, American scientist Meryl Rose tested another idea about regeneration. He thought a new limb might grow only from an open wound. Doctor Rose
