1、职称英语(理工类)54 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.If wool is put into hot water, it tends to (shrink).（分数：-1.00）A.smellB.fadeC.hardenD.contract2.When he arrived home, he (deposited) his coat on the floor.（分数：-1.00）A.keptB.locatedC.storedD.placed3.Our plan is to (allocate) one member of staff to handle appoi
2、ntments.（分数：-1.00）A.assignB.persuadeC.askD.order4.The short stories of Katherine Mansfield demonstrate her keen perceptions of human (character).（分数：-1.00）A.natureB.statusC.comedyD.appetite5.The technicians (conducted) investigations before they put forward the suggestions at the meeting.（分数：-1.00）A
3、.madeB.directedC.guidedD.controlled6.My nephew said that Dickens was his (best loved) writer and that he had read nearly all of his novels.（分数：-1.00）A.famousB.popularC.favorableD.favorite7.The number of the Unites States citizens who are (eligible) to vote continues to increase.（分数：-1.00）A.encourage
4、dB.enforcedC.expectedD.entitled8.The students had a lot of trouble (concentrating) on their study because of the noise from the construction outside.（分数：-1.00）A.focusingB.carrying outC.paying forD.continuing with9.Please (check) your bill before you leave the shop and make sure that it is correct.（分
5、数：-1.00）A.pay offB.go overC.look upD.find out10.He often (finds fault with) my work.（分数：-1.00）A.criticizesB.praisesC.evaluatesD.talks about11.He could never be (content) until he could afford to buy that beautiful car.（分数：-1.00）A.fullB.richC.wiseD.happy12.She (undertakes) to verify the true source o
6、f the rumor.（分数：-1.00）A.triesB.decidesC.promisesD.refuses.13.He is sure of the coming of investment (boom) after adopting the new investment policies.（分数：-1.00）A.decreaseB.increaseC.influenceD.preparation14.The town is (famous) for its magnificent church towers.（分数：-1.00）A.knownB.contemporaryC.speci
7、alizedD.specified15.They (debated) for hours, but could not agree on an answer.（分数：-1.00）A.consultedB.arguedC.examinedD.forgotAnother Area of English Language Consider now another area of our language. English has a large number of nouns which appear to be neutral with regard to sex, but actually ar
8、e covertly masculine. Although the dictionary may define poet as one who writes poetry, a woman who writes poetry appears so anomalous or threatening to some,that they use the special term poetess to refer to her. There is no corresponding term to call attention to the sex of a man who writes poetry
9、, but then we find nothing remarkable in the fact that poetry is written by men. Of course, if a woman is sufficiently meritorious, we may forgive her sex and refer to her as a poet after all, or, wishing to keep the important fact of her sex in our consciousness, we may call her a woman poet. Howev
10、er, to balance the possible reward of having her sex overlooked, there remains the possibility of more extreme punishment, we may judge her work so harshly that she will be labelled a lady poet. Once again, the moral is clear, people who write poetry are assumed to be men until proven otherwise, and
11、 people identified as women who write poetry are assumed to be less competent than sexually unidentified (i.e., presumably male) people who write poetry. If the phenomenon we have been discussing were limited to poetry, we might not regard it as very significant , after all, our society tends to reg
12、ard poets as some what odd anyway. But, in fact, it is wide spread in the language. There is a general tendency to label the exception, which in most cases turns out to be women. Many words with feminine suffixes, such as farmerette, authoress, and aviatrix, have such a clear trivializing effect, th
13、at there has been a trend away from their use and a preference for woman author and the like. The feminines of many ethnic terms, such as Negress and Jewess, are considered particularly objectionable. Other words, such as actress and waitress, seem to have escaped the negative connotations and remai
14、n in use. However, we note that waiters often work in more expensive establishments than do waitresses, that actresses belong to“ Actors Equity, “and that women participants in theatrical groups have begun to refer to themselves as “actors.“ on rare occasions, this presumption of maleness in terms w
15、hich should be sexually neutral, works to womens advantage. If someone is called a bastard, either as a general term of abuse, or as a statement of the lack of legal marital ties between that persons parents, we assume that person is a male. While an illegitimate child may be of either sex, only men
16、 are bastard in common usage. Although the dictionary seems to regard this as a sex-neutral term, a recent dictionary of slang gives the term bastard a definition as a “female bastard.“ （分数：-0.98）(1).The word “anomalous“ means ridiculous.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).This passage is fro
17、m a chapter called “Of Girls and Clicks“. From the middle part of the chapter we can know this.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).If a poem is written by a poetess, we tend to judge it favorably.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).The main idea of the passage is that the seemingly neu
18、tral English is actually masculine.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).The authors tone can best be described as generally objective, but also somewhat negative.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Woman poet is treated differently from man poet.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7
19、).The author is sneering and nasty to some peoples occupations.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedHints for Reading Practice 1. Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for some specific regular activity. For example, one famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 m
20、inutes on general reading before he went to sleep each day. Whether he went to bed at 10 p. m. or 2. 30 a. m. made no difference. 2. Nearly all “Speed Reading“ courses have a “pacing“some timing device which lets the students know how many words a minute he is reading. You can do this simply by look
21、ing at your watch every 5 or 10 minutes and noting down the page number you have reached. 3. Obviously there is little point in increasing your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details o
22、f what was said, re-read the section or chapter. 4. Take four or five pages of an interesting book you happen to be reading at the time. Read them as fast as you possibly can. Do not bother about whether you understand or not. If you keep doing this “lightning speed“ reading for an extended period o
23、f time, you will usually find that your “normal“ speed has increased. 5. Most paragraphs in an article have a “a topic sentence“ which expresses the central ideas. The opening paragraph often suggests the general direction and content of the piece, while paragraphs that follow expand or support the
24、first. The closing paragraph often summarizes the very essence of what has been said. A. The Organization of an Article B. An Effective Way to Increase Reading Speed C. Set Aside Time Each Day D. Check Your Comprehension E. Check Your Reading Speed F. Hints for Reading Practice （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragra
25、ph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(6).You can check your reading speed by_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(7).If you keep doing “lightning sp
26、eed“ reading for a period of time, you will find that _.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(8).Most paragraphs in an article have a “a topic sentence“ which _.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.The Central Dogma Though it comes as no surprise that the composition of DNA between different organisms is different, it is not immediately
27、 obvious why the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells of any one particular vertebrate(脊椎动物) are so different in their structure and composition when the DNA of every one of their cells is identical. This is the key to one of the most exciting areas of modern cell biology. In different cell ty
28、pes, different sets of the total number of genes (genome) (基因组) are expressed. In other words, different regions of the DNA are “active“ in the muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells. To understand how this difference in DNA activity can lead to differences in cell structure and composition, it
29、is necessary to consider what is often known as the central dogma(法则) of molecular biology: “DNA makes RNA make protein. “ In molecular terms, a gene is that portion of DNA that encodes for a single protein. The dictum“ one gene makes one protein“ has required some modification(改变) with the discover
30、y that some proteins are composed of several different polypeptide(多肽) chains, but the “one gene makes one polypeptide“ rule does hold. DNA Contains the Blueprint for All Cell Proteins. Messenger RNA is a precise copy (transcript) of the coded sequence of nucleic acid bases in DNA, and this message
31、is translated into a unique protein molecule on specialist organelles (ribo-somes) present in the cytoplasm(细胞质) of all cells. Proteins(蛋白质), which are largely made up of carbon(C) ,hydrogen(H), oxygen(O) ,and nitrogen(N) ,are constructed from 20 different, common amino acids. The versatility of pro
32、teins, the workhorse molecules of the cell, stems from the immense variety of molecular shapes that can be created, by linking amino acids together in different sequences. The smaller proteins consist of only a few dozen amino acids, whereas the larger ones may contain in excess of 200 amino acids,
33、all linked together in a linear(线状的) chain by peptide bonds. As the proteins are released from the ribosome(核糖体) ,they fold into unique shapes, under the influence of chemical forces that depend on the particular sequence of amino acids. So the protein primary sequence , encoded in the gene and fait
34、hfully transcribed and translated into an amino acid chain, determines the three-dimensional structure of the emerging molecule. The human body possesses some 30 000 different kinds of proteins and several million copies of many of these. Each plays a specific rolefor example, hemoglobin carries oxy
35、gen in the blood, actin(肌动蛋白) and myosin(肌球蛋白) interact to generate muscle movement, and acetylcholine (乙酸胆碱) receptor molecules mediate chemical transmission between nerve and muscle cells. EnzymesProtein Biocatalysts An essential group of proteinsthe enzymes (酵素)act as biological catalysts (催化剂) a
36、nd regulate all aspects of cell metabolism (新陈代谢). They enable breakdown of high-energy food molecules (carbohydrates) to provide energy for biological reactions, and they control the synthetic pathways that result in the generation of lipids(e.g., fats, cholesterol(胆固醇), and other vital membrane(膜)
37、 components), carbohydrates (碳水化合物) (sugars, starch (淀粉) , and cellulose (纤维素) , the key components of plant cell walls) ,and many vital small biomolecules essential for cell function. （分数：-1.00）(1).The best title of this passage is_.（分数：-0.20）A.Dongma, DNA and EnzymesB.Dogma, Proteins and Biocataly
38、stC.DNA, Proteins and BiocatalystD.DNA, Proteins and Enzymes(2).Which of the following statements about the central dogma is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The central dogma could be expressed as DNA makes RNA make Protein.“B.Each protein contains only one gene.C.Each polypeptide contains only one gene.D.The cen
39、tral dogma is the key to understand how the difference in DNA activity can lead to the difference in cell structure and composition.(3).“ Stem“ ( para. 3, sent. 3 ) means_.（分数：-0.20）A.caneB.jamC.deriveD.stop(4).We can infer from para. 4 that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the proteins that are released from the ribos
40、ome fold into unique shapes because of their particular sequenceB.the structure of the emerging molecule is determined by the protein primary sequenceC.several million copies of proteins carry out several million kinds of functionsD.the sequence of gene is translated into an amino acid chain(5).Whic
41、h of the following Statements about Biocatalyst is false?（分数：-0.20）A.The metabolism of cell is regulated by a group of proteins.B.All the enzymes act as biological catalysts.C.Cholestrol is a kind of lipid.D.The Chemical reactions could not take place without enzymes.Cigars Instead? Smoking one or t
42、wo cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study. Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voicebox) sixfold, say researchers at the National Cancer
43、 Institute in Bethesda, Maryland. In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8.5 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers. The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eig
44、ht sections of the article “ Cigars: Health Effects and Trends“. The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines “This article provides clear and invaluable information about the disturbing increase in ciga
45、r use and the significant public health consequences for the country,“ said Dr. Richard Klausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement. “The data are clear-the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several
46、kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases,“ he added. “ In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive. “ “To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advices is dont. To those currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to
47、 eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks,“ warned Klausner. According to a National Cancer Institute press release, there havent been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but “. a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased
48、lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. “ （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day_.（分数：-0.20）A.increases the risk of oral cancer for non-smokers.B.greatly increases the risk of oral cancer for smokers.C.increases the risk of more than one cancer for non-smokers.D.gr
49、eady increases the risk of more than one cancer for smokers.(2).In the passage how many cancers are mentioned in relation to smoking cigars daily?（分数：-0.20）A.SixB.SevenC.EightD.Nine(3).What is the main idea of the article“ Cigars: Health Effects and Trends“ ?（分数：-0.20）A.When it comes to cancer, cigars are not any safer than cigarettes.B.Cigars may be addictive while cigarettes are not easily so.C.cigars contain less harmful substances than cigarettes.D.Increase in cigar-smoking does not affect public health much.(4).What is t
