1、职称英语(理工类)38 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.The new communication system is by no means a (minute) invention.（分数：-1.00）A.timelyB.smallC.accidentalD.significant2.A visit to the Computer Center has (aroused) the students interest in computer science.（分数：-1.00）A.alarmedB.disturbedC.stimulatedD.increased3
2、.It was very hard to (grasp) what he actually meant.（分数：-1.00）A.controlB.reachC.catch on toD.scope on4.Our public transportation is not (sufficient) for the need of the people in our major cities.（分数：-1.00）A.additionalB.efficientC.excessiveD.adequate5.There was a (number) of children on the playgrou
3、nd.（分数：-1.00）A.classB.great crowdC.small groupD.line6.For children, playing is an automatic and integrate (component) of growing up.（分数：-1.00）A.decisionB.reminderC.partD.restriction7.It is necessary to make a(n) (abstract) while writing a report.（分数：-1.00）A.summaryB.analysisC.discussionD.index8.Some
4、 insects rely on the tiny hairs scattered over their bodies to (sense) sound waves.（分数：-1.00）A.convertB.disguiseC.sendD.detect9.Please (check) your bill before you leave the shop and make sure that it is correct.（分数：-1.00）A.pay offB.go overC.look upD.find out10.I (spotted) my father in the crowd.（分数
5、：-1.00）A.recognizedB.recalledC.receivedD.recorded11.Being colleagues for ten years, they have become (intimate) friends.（分数：-1.00）A.closeB.newC.kindD.closely12.Her voice is distinct and (unique). You can tell her voice immediately.（分数：-1.00）A.commonB.speciesC.specificD.special13.Through a procedure
6、known as time-sharing, one large computer can be employed (simultaneously) by lots of small users.（分数：-1.00）A.ahead of timeB.all the timeC.at the same timeD.in time14.Helen will leave (immediately).（分数：-1.00）A.far awayB.right awayC.right hereD.soon15.A seismograph is a (device) designed to measure v
7、ibrations of the ground.（分数：-1.00）A.elementB.telescopeC.vehicleD.instrumentThe Attitude For Computers As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electron
8、ic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imi
9、tate life. As computers get more complete, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emo
10、tions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computers brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved
11、 when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities of compu
12、ters are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match t
13、hat of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that
14、 the species must be mans flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon. （分数：-0.98）(1).Dr. Samuel Johson disapproved of ladies to preach.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of growth of re
15、asoning power.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(3).In terms of making decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because in the long procedures of evolution the slow pace of life didnt require such an ability of the human brain.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).Wh
16、en he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesnt mean that human beings have lost control of computers.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Future intelligent l
17、ife may not necessarily be made of organic matter.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedMore Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known,
18、new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep pro
19、blems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate th
20、at people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that“ it might be a good idea“ for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm
21、 this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleepfor instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke revie
22、wed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sle
23、ep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at ni
24、ght simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. “ It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they11 spend a higher percentage of time awake, “he said. A. Keprikes research tool B. Dang
25、ers of Habitual shortages of sleep C. Criticism on Kripkes report D. A way of overcoming insomnia E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(2).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 6（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(5).To get a
26、good nights rest, people may not need to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.F.(6).Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(7).One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(8).One survey showed that people who habitually_ each night have
27、a higher risk of dying.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.Suburb If “suburb“ is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city, in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the
28、city was a small, highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot, and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early factories, built in the 1830s and 1840s, were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people d
29、rawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses around the older, main cities. As a defence against this encroachment, and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854 for e
30、xample, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial
31、growth come acute, urban crowding and accompanying social stress-conditions began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscr
32、ossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban middle class, whose desires for homeowner
33、ship in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developing of single-family housing tracts. （分数：-1.00）(1).Which of the following is the best title for the text?（分数：-0.20）A.The Growth of Philadelphia.B.The Origin of the Suburb.C.The Development of City Transportation.D.The R
34、ise of the Urban Middle Class.(2).The author mentions that areas bordering the cities have grown during the period of_.（分数：-0.20）A.industrializationB.inflationC.revitalizationD.unionization(3).In the passage, the word “encroachment“ refers to which of the following?（分数：-0.20）A.The smell of the facto
35、ries.B.The growth of mill towns.C.The development of waterways.D.The loss of jobs.(4).It can be inferred from the text that after 1890 most people traveled around cities by_.（分数：-0.20）A.automobileB.cartC.horse-drawn trolleyD.electric streetcar(5).Where in the text does the author describe the cities
36、 as they were prior to suburbanization?（分数：-0.20）A.Lines 3-5.B.Lines 9-10.C.Lines 13-15.D.Lines 18-20.Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently Male pilots flying general aviation(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to inattention or flawed decision, making, w
37、hile female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots in terms of circumstances of the crash and
38、 the type of pilots error involved. “Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots,“ explains Susan P. Baker, MPH, professor of health pol
39、icy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. “Because pilot youth and inexperience are established, contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash.“ The researchers extracted data for this study fro
40、m a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classe
41、s of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing or takeoff was the most common circum
42、stance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots crashes and 36 percent of males. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was more likely with females. The majority
43、 of the crashes 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than males (accounting for 48 percent). Males
44、, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose control of the aircraft, were generally more
45、 careful than their male counterparts. inattention /n.疏忽 aviation /n. 航空 flawed /adj.有缺陷的 mishandle /v. 瞎弄，乱处理 MPH ( Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士 gender /n.性，性别 run out 耗尽，用完 stall v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火 kinetics /n. 动力学 （分数：-1.00）(1).What is the research at Johns Hopkins University about?（分数：-0.20）A
46、.Causes of aircraft crash.B.Gender difference in relation to types of aircraft crashes.C.Causes of mishandling aircraft.D.Gender discrimination in general aviation in the United States.(2).Which of the statements is NOT true according to the second paragraph?（分数：-0.20）A.Crashes of general aviation a
47、ircraft are a major source of aviation accidents in the United States.B.Male pilots, like male vehicle drivers, are more likely to have accidents than female pilots.C.It is commonly known that aircraft crashes are mostly caused by young and inexperienced pilots.D.Only mature pilots are studied to de
48、termine the gender differences in the reasons for aircraft crash.(3).How did the researchers carry out their study?（分数：-0.20）A.They studied the findings of several previous research projects.B.They conduced a questionnaire with 411 pilots.C.They collected data from the database at the Johns Hopkins
49、UniversityD.They analyzed the circumstances of the crashes involved.(4).What is the most common circumstance of crash with female pilots?（分数：-0.20）A.Mechanical failure and running out of fuel.B.Loss of control On landing or takeoff and stalling.C.Loss of control on landing or takeoff and running out of fuel.D.Stalling and landing with the gear up.(5).In the comparison of female and male pilots, _.（分数：-0.20）A.female pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking.B.male pilots are found to be more
