1、职称英语(卫生类)7 及答案解析(总分：-22.07，做题时间：120 分钟)1.The short stories of Katherine Mansfield demonstrate her keen perceptions of human (character).（分数：-1.00）A.natureB.statusC.comedyD.appetite2.The number of the Unites States citizens who are (eligible) to vote continues to increase.（分数：-1.00）A.encouragedB.enfo
2、rcedC.expectedD.entitled3.Is the clock in the tower (accurate)?（分数：-1.00）A.correctB.newC.oldD.wrong4.The project for developing local industries was (evaluated) for its usefulness, feasibility and easiness of execution.（分数：-1.00）A.assessedB.comparedC.measuredD.weighed5.After the whole days march, th
3、ey are too (fatigue) to walk any more.（分数：-1.00）A.hungryB.sleepyC.thirstyD.tired6.He is (accustomed) to working hard.（分数：-1.00）A.anxiousB.likelyC.usedD.willing7.When snow (collects) on top of a building during the winter, the weight sometimes weakens the construction and occasionally causes the roof
4、 to collapse.（分数：-1.00）A.selectsB.scattersC.meltsD.accumulates8.Her voice is distinct and (unique). You can tell her voice immediately.（分数：-1.00）A.commonB.speciesC.specificD.special9.Our public transportation is not (sufficient) for the need of the people in our major cities.（分数：-1.00）A.additionalB.
5、efficientC.excessiveD.adequate10.She (purchased) a ticket and went up on the top deck.（分数：-1.00）A.tookB.boughtC.showedD.made11.A student sticking closely to the (disciplines) of the school is often praised by the master and teachers.（分数：-1.00）A.interestsB.ordersC.regulationsD.principals12.She couldn
6、t (judge) distances.（分数：-1.00）A.arbitrateB.discoverC.findD.determine13.If wool is put into hot water, it tends to (shrink).（分数：-1.00）A.smellB.fadeC.hardenD.contract14.I (reserve) the right to disagree.（分数：-1.00）A.deserveB.keepC.perceiveD.notice15.The machine must be operated (by hand). It isnt autom
7、atic.（分数：-1.00）A.mentallyB.annuallyC.manuallyD.heavilyCompetition The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among socia
8、l entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are b
9、oth categories of opposition, which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because i
10、t is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies. Many authors have argued for the inev
11、itability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle f
12、or existence occurs not in such fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy(占有)of areas free from meat-eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, bu
13、t rather the competition of individuals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all. Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The s
14、uccessful nations grow and proper (繁荣); the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that warlike conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. （分数：-0.98
15、）(1).In first paragraph, the author gives the definition of some terms in order to distinguish between two kinds of opposition.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(2).According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that it results in war in most cases.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not M
16、entioned(3).The phrase “function in the disservice of one another“ (Para. 1) most probably means harm each other.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(4).The author indicates in the passage that conflict can be avoided.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(5).The passage is probably intended to
17、answer the question“ Why is there conflict and competition?“（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(6).Competition is essentially a struggle for existence.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not Mentioned(7).Competition can lead to conflict.（分数：-0.14）A.RightB.WrongC.Not MentionedArchitecture Architecture is t
18、o building as literature is to the printed word. The best buildings ate often so well constructed that they outlast their original use. They then survive not only as beautiful objects, but as documents of the history of cultures. These achievements are never wholly the work of individuals. Architect
19、ure is a social art. The renaissance brought about an entirely new age, not only in philosophy and literature but in the visual arts as well. In architecture, the principles and styles of ancient Greece and Rome were brought back to life and reinterpreted. They remain dominant until the 20th century
20、. Many kinds of stone are used as building materials. Stone and marble were chosen for important monuments because they are not burnable and Can be expected to endure. Stone architecture was often blended with stone sculpture. The use of stone has declined, however, because a number of other materia
21、ls ate more adaptable to industrial use. The complexity of modem lire calls for a variety of buildings. More people live in mass housing and go to work in large office buildings; they spend their income in large shopping centers, send their children to many different kinds of schools, and when they
22、ate sick they go to specialized hospitals and clinics. All these different types of buildings accumulated experiences needed by their designers. By the middle of the 20th century, modem architecture, which was influenced by new technology and mass production, was dealing with increasingly complex so
23、cial needs. Important characteristics of modem architectural works are expanses of glass and the use of reinforced concrete. Advances in elevator technology, air conditioning, and electric lighting have all had important effects. A. Building Materials B. Need of Greater Building Varieties in Modern
24、Life C. Restoration of Ancient Civilizations D. Evolution in Style E. Factors Affecting Modem Architectur 6 F. A Social Art （分数：-1.04）(1).Paragraph 2（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(2).Paragraph 3（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(3).Paragraph 4（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(4).Paragraph 5（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(5).Some buildings are so well c
25、onstructed that they are not only useful_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.(6).Ancient Greek and Roman architectural styles, which were restored during renaissance, were still influential（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.E.(7).As modem life becomes more complex, people have to put up many different kinds of buildings_.（分数：-0.13）A
26、.B.C.D.(8).The use of new building materials and the introduction of such new technology as the elevator and the air-conditioner have played all important role_.（分数：-0.13）A.B.C.D.Vice Vaccines At first glance, vice vaccines look just great. These injections promise to inactivate drugs such as cocain
27、e, heroin and nicotine in the bloodstream before they reach the brain. Without the “hit“, people just wont come back for more. Its true that these vaccines are still being developed, so their full risks and benefits are not yet clear. But all the signs are that for people who are in danger of overdo
28、sing, or for addicts who want to get themselves clean but need some help to overcome their craving, the vaccines will be immensely valuable. But like many new technologies, they also bring difficult choices. Will convicted criminals who steal to feed their drug habit be allowed back onto the street
29、if they agree to be vaccinated, for example? Could a judge even compel these people to be vaccinated? Perhaps the most controversial debate that vice vaccines have raised is whether they should be given routinely to children, like polio or measles vaccines. This is. not a distant worry. No sooner th
30、ey have found themselves submerged with requests from worried parents who want their children vaccinated. Is this really what we want for future generations? For any society that values personal freedom, the answer has to be no. People have the right to choose how to behave, whether its good or bad,
31、 legal or not. Let not ignore the fact that millions of people take illegal drugs for pleasure without becoming addicted. Administering vice vaccines will mean that youngsters are no longer free to make such choices for themselves. It would be like a return to Pleasantvile. And, remember, were just
32、talking about illegal drugs here. One vaccine under development acts against nicotine, and if its nicotine today, why not caffeine tomorrow? Societys attitudes to drugs change. Forty years ago, smoking was fine. A century ago, American ship operators were giving stevedores (码头工人) cocaine to speed up
33、 their work. Like it or not, people have been taking mind-altering chemicals since before recorded history. Each vaccine acts only against a specific drug, and stopping people getting high on one drug will simply push them to take othersas addiction researchers have already found. So drug use wont g
34、o away, the drugs will just change. Opposing the widespread use of vice vaccines for youngsters is not to advocate drug use. By all means let vice vaccines spark a revolution in detox (解毒) clinics. But when it comes to helping children deal with drugs, the way to help them is through education, ensu
35、ring that they can follow lifestyles that are incompatible with drug taking, and giving them the tools to spot risks and make informed choices. The problem of drug abuse is bound up with modern society in complex ways. Simple chemical solutions are unlikely to provide the whole answer. （分数：-1.00）(1)
36、.The word “hit“ in the first paragraph refers to_.（分数：-0.20）A.the injection of drugs into the bloodstreamB.the inactivation of drugs before they reach the brainC.the strong sensation aroused by taking drugsD.the addiction to drugs(2).According to the writer, the vice vaccine_.（分数：-0.20）A.is valuable
37、 to all drug usersB.is in great demand from the drug usersC.has brought about more difficulties than valuesD.is still under development(3).This passage implies that_.（分数：-0.20）A.we shouldnt worry about the routine use of the vaccine to children right nowB.the writer is against the routine use of the
38、 vice vaccine to childrenC.very few parents want their children to be vaccinated with the vice vaccineD.judges will force the drug user to be vaccinated with the vice vaccine(4).Routine vaccination of the vice vaccine to children will_.（分数：-0.20）A.deprive them of their personal freedomB.make them an
39、ti-socialC.make them more addicted to drugsD.lead them to pleasantive(5).According to the writer, one of the disadvantages of vice vaccine is that_.（分数：-0.20）A.the vaccine cannot act against nicotineB.stevedores will not like itC.one vaccine can act against only a specific drugD.it will spark a revo
40、lution in the detox clinicsThe Gene Industry Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what th
41、e New York Times calls “metalhungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water“. They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms. Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scienti
42、fic rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of “microbe spills“ that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and
43、 respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination. Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit th
44、e job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate “inferior“ people and breed a “ super-race“? ( Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from ou
45、r laboratories. ) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate “unfit“ babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a “ savings bank“ full of spare kidney, livers or hands? Wild as these notions may sound, ev
46、ery one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God? “ Broad Scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America
47、much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created.“ （分数：-1.00）(1).According to the passage, the ex
48、haust from a car engine could probably be checked by_.（分数：-0.20）A.using metal-hungry microbes .B.making use of enzymes.C.adjusting the engine.D.patenting new life forms.(2).According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics the most?（分数：-0.20）A.The unanticipated explosion of po
49、pulationB.The creation of biological solar cells.C.The accidental spill of oil.D.The unexpected release of destructive microbes.(3).Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned?（分数：-0.20）A.Developing a “ savings bank “ of ones organs.B.Breeding soldiers for a war.C.Producing people with cow-like stomachs.D.Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases.(4).According to the passage, Hitler attempted to_.（分数：-0.20）A.changed the pilots biologically to win the war.B.develop genetic farming for food supply.C.kill the
