1、托福-练习十五及答案解析(总分：39.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Social Readjustment ScalesHolmes and Rahe (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the m
2、agnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are asked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. The S
3、RRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Overall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness-and many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis Gruen
4、, 1993; Scully, Tosi and it continued to rise during the 1920s after prewar sources of food and agricultural raw materials had been restored. Surpluses lead to lower prices, and farmers faced with lower prices for their products tried to increase their output in the hope that greater sales could off
5、set lower prices and help maintain income. But the consequence of millions of farmers trying to increase their output led to a further fall in prices and farm incomes. So there was a vicious spiral, in which farm prices and farm incomes chased each other downward. When the over-supply of farm produc
6、ts, which already existed in the late 1920s, was accentuated by the fall in demand for food and raw materials that followed the downturn in industrial investment in 1928 and 1929, the situation became even more severe. （分数：13.00）(1).The word “others“ in the passage refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.consumersB.
7、businessesC.bankersD.economists(2).The word “turmoil“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.slowdownB.turnaroundC.setbackD.chaos(3).What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the U. S. economy during most of the 1920s? _（分数：1.00）A.It was in a state of high uncertainty.B.It was in a s
8、tate of accelerating depression.C.It was in a state of expanding performance.D.It was in a state of low consumer confidenc(4).According to the author, why did the Federal Reserve Bank raise the interest rates? _（分数：1.00）A.To reduce the economic uncertainty.B.To increase the profits of shareholders.C
9、.To improve industrial efficiency.D.To stop the economy from overheatin(5).What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the role of the Federal Reserve Bank? _（分数：1.00）A.It primarily serves the interest of shareholders.B.It works to maintain economic stability.C.It attempts to increase the output of
10、capital goods.D.It tries to reduce capital investment.(6).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：1.00）A.Motivated by speculation, t
11、he stock market could not reach the high levels produced by profitability.B.The stock market, through profits and speculation, attained levels that could not be maintained.C.The fuel needed to maintain high levels of productivity became too expensive.D.Speculation rather than profitability led to an
12、 overheated stock market.(7).The word “precipitously“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.steeplyB.graduallyC.surprisinglyD.regularly(8).The word “harsh“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.difficultB.rigorousC.complexD.severe(9).According to paragraph 3, the accele
13、rator principle leads to _.（分数：1.00）A.a variety of economic disturbancesB.magnified effects in capital goods industriesC.reduced consumer demand for productsD.saturation in demand for consumer products(10).Based on the information in paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the importance of the agri
14、cultural sector in the U. S. economy during the 1920s? _（分数：1.00）A.It was less important than previously.B.It was relatively unimportant.C.It formed the dominant sector.D.It played a significant rol(11).According to the passage, all of the following helped create the Great Depression EXCEPT _.（分数：1.
15、00）A.industrial overproductionB.agricultural surplusesC.unemployed workersD.protectionist tariffs(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summar
16、y by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The causes of the Great Depres
17、sion are to be found in the huge expansion of capital goods investment and agricultural productivity during the 1920s._Answer Choices A A reduction of consumer demand followed by an even larger decrease in demand for capital goods led to declines in industrial production and increases in unemploymen
18、t. B Speculative investments led to fluctuations in house prices that could not be maintained, and were, therefore, checked by the Federal Reserve Bank. C By the early 1930s the unemployment rate in the U. S. had increased to over twelve million people nationwide. D A surplus of agricultural product
19、ion followed by a drop in agricultural prices led farmers to increase production causing farm prices and incomes to spiral downward. E The unemployed workers and farmers could not afford consumer goods, and this led to a further reduction of demand. F Prices of agricultural products had lost more th
20、an half their value in the three years following 1929, making it difficult for farmers to increase their output.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：13.00)The Effects of Sleep DeprivationSleep restores the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system. However, many
21、adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep each night. The average adult today gets only 6.4 hours of sleep, nearly an hour and a half less than what the average person received a century ago. Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the prevalence and severity of
22、sleep deprivation in the working population. A significant number of people work at night, work long shifts, or suffer from insomnia or jet lag. Others are deprived of sleep because they work too hard, stay out too late, or try to do too many things in a day. Adults who regularly sleep six hours or
23、less might think they accomplish more by staying up late, but they pay for it the next day when they feel sleepy or irritable or are unable to concentrate, remember things, or be very effective at their work.Studies show that the brain is adversely affected by sleep deprivation because certain patte
24、rns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally. In one study, thirteen healthy adult subjects who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a hospital sleep laboratory during a period of 35 hou
25、rs. During the experiment, the subjects were asked to perform several cognitive tasks, such as arithmetic and word problems, while undergoing magnetic resonance scans of their brain activity. The scans recorded each subjects brain activity from a rested state through various stages of sleep deprivat
26、ion over the 35-hour period. The scans produced images showing increased activity in some regions of the brain and decreased activity in others. The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasksin rested subjects
27、but not in sleep-deprived subjects. When subjects were fully rested, their magnetic resonance scans showed that the temporal lobe was very active. However, after several hours without sleep, there was no activity within this region. The effects of the inactivity included slurred speech in the subjec
28、ts who had gone for prolonged periods With no sleep.Several studies show that getting less than six hours of sleep a night can impair short-term memory, coordination, reaction time, and judgment, thus posing a serious risk of accident or injury. In one study of drivers, researchers reported that sle
29、ep deprivation had some of the same hazardous effects as being drunk. They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 to 19 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0. 5 percent, the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries. The study also foun
30、d that 16 to 60 percent of road accidents involved sleep deprivation. The researchers concluded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving. （分数：13.00）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted s
31、entence in paragraph 17 Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：1.00）A.A century ago, health professionals did not experience sleep deprivation; however, now it is a part of their jobs.B.It is difficult to understand why health professionals have
32、 not studied the consequences of sleep deprivation.C.Sleep deprivation used to affect only certain professions, but now it occurs in all sectors of the working population.D.Health professionals have just started to understand that sleep deprivation in workers is a serious problem.(2).The passage men
33、tions all of the following as causes of sleep deprivation EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.jet lagB.long work hoursC.boring workD.working at night(3).The phrase “deprived of“ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.disgusted byB.capable ofC.kept fromD.worried about(4).The word “adversely“ in paragra
34、ph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.barelyB.negativelyC.permanentlyD.slowly(5).The purpose of the study described in paragraph 2 was to determine _.（分数：1.00）A.how many hours people can survive without sleepB.how people react when their sleep is interruptedC.the changes in brain activity that
35、occur during sleepD.the effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity(6).The word “others“ in paragraph 2 refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.magnetic resonance scansB.stages of sleep deprivationC.regions of the brainD.rested subjects(7).According to paragraph 2, What did researchers learn about subjects who ha
36、d gone several hours without sleep? _（分数：1.00）A.The subjects were unable to complete simple word problems.B.The subjects had no activity in part of the brain during verbal tasks.C.The subjects could solve some cognitive tasks better than others.D.The subjects felt irritable and expressed anger in th
37、eir speec(8).Why does the author mention “blood alcohol level“ in paragraph 3? _（分数：1.00）A.To show how sleep deprivation reduces the blood alcohol level.B.To compare the effects of sleep deprivation and alcohol.C.To suggest that sleep-deprived drivers are also likely to drink.D.To argue against rais
38、ing the legal limit for drunk drivin(9).It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that medical personnel and other emergency workers _.（分数：1.00）A.are at risk for experiencing anxiety and depressionB.are more likely than drivers to be deprived of sleepC.are not aware that they may suffer from sleep depriva
39、tionD.are rarely able to find jobs with daytime hours(10).According to the passage, sleep deprivation can affect the bodys immune system by _.（分数：1.00）A.increasing the number of white blood cellsB.decreasing the bodys resistance to insulinC.reducing the bodys ability to make or use insulinD.raising
40、the heart rate and blood pressure(11).The phrase “setting the stage“ in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.lowering the riskB.changing the treatmentsC.eliminating the cureD.providing the conditions(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .
41、(13).Read the first sentence of a summary of the passage. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas i
42、n the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Sleep deprivation affects the human body in numerous ways._Answer Choices A The average adult gets only 6.4 hours of sleep a night, which is less than the recommended eight hours. B Illness, depression, pain and discomfort at night, and significant life
43、 stress are common causes of insomnia. C Lack of sleep disrupts normal activity in parts of the brain, affecting ones ability to perform certain tasks. D Subjects in one study were deprived of sleep for 35 hours, and their brain activity was scanned by magnetic resonance. E Sleep deprivation can hav
44、e effects similar to being drunk, such as impairment of motor skills and judgment. F Not getting enough sleep can weaken the immune system and harm a persons physical and mental health.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_托福-练习十五答案解析(总分：39.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Social Readjustment ScalesHolmes and Rah
45、e (1967) developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change. In responding to the scale, respondents are as
46、ked to indicate how often they experienced any of these 43 events during a certain time period (typically, the past year). The person then adds up the numbers associated with each event checked. The SRRS and similar scales have been used in thousands of studies by researchers all over the world. Ove
47、rall, these studies have shown that people with higher scores on the SRRS tend to be more vulnerable to many kinds of physical illness-and many types of psychological problems as well (Derogatis Gruen, 1993; Scully, Tosi B, D, E）解析：二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：13.00)The Great DepressionEconomists agree that
48、 the Wall Street crash of October 1929 heralded the Great Depression and by its dramatic effects on business, banking, and consumer confidence played a major role in worsening it. But many others agree that the crash was not the real cause of the economic turmoil. The severity of the Great Depressio
49、n can be traced, at least on the American domestic front, to the impressive strength of the investment boom of the 1920s and to the vastly increased productivity of the agricultural sector in the aftermath of World War .In the late 1920s there was a rapid rise in capital investment in the United States-both in productive industry and in the form of house building. The o
