1、托福-练习十九及答案解析(总分：40.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：7，分数：10.00)Modern tourism began with the transition from a rural to an industrial society, the rise of the automobile, and the expansion of road and highway systems. Before the Second World War, travel for pleasure was limited to the wealthy, but sinc
2、e then, improved standards of living and the availability of transportation have allowed more people to indulge. In the 1960s, improvements in aircraft technology and the development of commercial jet airlines enabled fast international travel. The tourism industry exploded. Today, airports in nearl
3、y every country can accommodate jumbo jets full of tourists seeking exotic destinations.（分数：2.00）(1).The word indulge in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.participateB.migrateC.surviveD.change(2).The word exploded in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.was competitiveB.expand
4、ed rapidlyC.was expensiveD.became dangerousAt the college level, the best preparation for management is a liberal arts education. Individuals who will guide the future of their companies must broaden and deepen their understanding of the world. This means covering the whole range of the liberal arts
5、, from science to literature to mathematics to history. Todays executives must have some grasp of economic realities and the political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place. They must gain an understanding of human
6、nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfalls of power.（分数：2.00）(1).The word grasp in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.understandingB.communicationC.criticismD.prediction(2).The word pitfalls in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.
7、00）A.benefitsB.stagesC.causesD.hazards1.A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms attached to a single, larger oxygen atom. The angle between the two hydrogen atoms is 120 degrees-the same angle as the angles of a hexagon-which accounts for the characteristic six-sided structure of ice crystal
8、s.2. The phrase accounts for in the passage means（分数：1.00）A.explainsB.decreasesC.connectsD.summarizes2.Reports on an organizations projects may fill several major functions at the same time. A report can be used to educate and gain support from key people and groups, to facilitate and inform decisio
9、n-making about current and future projects, and to provide documentation for the organizations records. The employees who are responsible for preparing the report must have a clear understanding of how the report will be used before they compile it.3. The word compile in the passage is closest in me
10、aning to（分数：1.00）A.agree withB.put togetherC.ask aboutD.look forward toIt is a popular notion that autumn leaves are tinted by freezing temperatures. In truth, the foliage is dulled, not colored, by frost. Red leaves such as maples are brightest when sunny days are followed by cool-but not freezing-
11、nights. Under such conditions, sun- made sugars are trapped in the leaves, where they form the red pigment anthocyanin. Leaves that appear yellow in autumn are no less yellow in spring and summer. However, in spring and summer the yellow pigments-carotenoid and xanthophyll-are masked by the green pi
12、gment chlorophyll, which breaks down with the diminishing sunlight of fall.（分数：2.00）(1).The word foliage in the passage means（分数：1.00）A.season of yearB.type of chemicalC.mass of leavesD.species of tree(2).The word masked in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.createdB.coloredC.capturedD.c
13、oncealed3.The evolutionary origins of music are wrapped in mystery. There is ample concrete evidence of musical instruments dating back to the Stone Age and much presumptive evidence about the role of music in organizing work groups, hunting parties, and religious rites. Many scholars suspect that m
14、usical and linguistic expression had common origins but then split off from one another several hundred thousand years ago.4. The phrase split off in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.separatedB.borrowedC.evolvedD.learned4.Although the sensory receptors and brain pathways for taste and
15、smell are independent, the two senses do interact. A great deal of what we consider taste is actually smell. If the sense of smell is obstructed, as by a head cold, the perception of taste is sharply reduced.1. The word obstructed in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.involvedB.increased
16、C.developedD.blocked二、Passage 2(总题数：4，分数：10.00)Earthshine-the faint light that allows us to see the dark side of the moon when the moon is a thin crescent-is sunlight reflected from the earth to the moon, then back again. Earthshine is variable because the earths reflectivity changes as large cloud
17、masses come and go. The moon with its earthshine acts as a crude weather satellite by reporting, in a very simple way, the general state of terrestrial cloudiness. Because the amount of light reflected from the earth depends on the amount of cloud cover, the brightness of the dark side of the moon v
18、aries.As the phase of the moon progresses beyond a thin crescent, earthshine fades in a day or two. This is because the amount of sunlit earth available to make earthshine diminishes as the moon orbits the earth. Also, there is the increasing glare of the moons growing crescent, which causes a loss
19、of visibility by irradiation.（分数：2.00）(1).The word crude in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.falseB.stormyC.randomD.simple(2).The word glare in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.cloud coverB.bright lightC.wave frequencyD.dark sphere1 Cool has withstood the fleeting nature
20、of most slang. As a modifier, as a noun, and as a verb, cool has been around a long time. Shakespeare used cool as a verb, and the word later evolved into other parts of speech. It has been used as an adjective since 1728 to describe large sums of money, as in “worth a cool ten million.“2 Cool, mean
21、ing “excellent“ or “first-rate,“ was popularized in jazz circles, and jazz musicians and jazz lovers still refer to great works as “cool.“ As long as Miles Daviss classic 1957 album, Birth of the Cool, remains one of the best-selling jazz recordings of all time, cool will stay cool-it will carry the
22、 same weight as it did more than 50 years ago. One reason for the endurance of cool is that its meaning continues to evolve. While it meant “wow!“ two decades ago, today it is more often used to mean, “Thats OK with me,“ as in “Im cool with that./（分数：2.00）(1).The word fleeting in paragraph 1 is clos
23、est in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.temporaryB.youthfulC.emotionalD.popular(2).The phrase carry the same weight in paragraph 2 means（分数：1.00）A.refer to great musicB.refer to a large sum of moneyC.have the same importanceD.have the same meaning1 The dominant feature on the map of Canada is the two-million-sq
24、uare-mile mass of ancient rock known as the Canadian Shield. The shield sweeps in a great arc around Hudson Bay from far northwest to far northeast, touching the Great Lakes on the south and extending eastward deep into Quebec. The rock of the shield consists mainly of granite and gneiss formed near
25、ly four billion years ago. During the ice ages, huge glaciers advanced and retreated over the region, scouring the surface, removing most of the existing soil, and hollowing out countless lakes.2 Clay soils exist in a few areas on the shields southern edge, but attempts to bring them into agricultur
26、al use have been largely unsuccessful. However, the regions mineral wealth has sustained both temporary and permanent settlements during the past century, and more recently, some of its vast potential for hydroelectric power has been tapped.（分数：2.00）(1).The word scouring in paragraph 1 is closest in
27、 meaning to（分数：1.00）A.freezingB.upliftingC.improvingD.scraping(2).The word sustained in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.preventedB.protectedC.supportedD.ruined1 A growing number of companies are finding that small-group discussions allow them to develop healthier ways to think about w
28、ork. People at all levels of the corporate structure are starting groups that meet weekly or monthly to talk over ways to make workplaces more ethical and just.2 Several factors must be present for small-group discussions to be successful. First, it is important to put together the right group. Grou
29、ps work best when they consist of people who have similar duties, responsibilities, and missions. This does not mean, however, that everyone in the group must think in lockstep.3 All participants should agree on the groups purpose. Finding the right subject matter is essential. There are several way
30、s to fuel the discussion: by using the companys mission statement, by finding readings on work and ethics by experts in the topic, or by analyzing specific workplace incidents that have affected the company or others like it.4 Finally, the dynamics of the group should be balanced, and the discussion
31、 leader must not be allowed to overwhelm the conversation or the agenda. Groups work best when the same person is not always in charge. It is better to rotate the leadership for each meeting and let that leader choose the material for discussion.（分数：4.00）(1).The phrase talk over in paragraph 1 is cl
32、osest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.demandB.overlookC.exploreD.remove(2).The phrase in lockstep in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.alikeB.criticallyC.aloudD.quickly(3).The word fuel in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.categorizeB.stimulateC.sequenceD.conclude(4).The word overw
33、helm in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.dominateB.planC.summarizeD.contradict三、Passage 3(总题数：2，分数：10.00)1 There is growing evidence that urbanization has a sharp impact on climate, causing changes that can wreak havoc on precipitation patterns that supply the precious resource of wate
34、r. The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising from cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation, depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.2 Cities are on average one to ten degrees warmer than surrounding undeveloped areas. Cities also produce large amounts of pollutants
35、called aerosols, gaseous suspensions of dust particles or byproducts from the burning of fossil fuels. Both heat and aerosols change the dynamics of clouds. When hoisted up in the sky, the microscopic particles act as multiple surfaces on which the moisture in clouds can condense as tiny droplets. T
36、his can prevent or delay the formation of larger raindrops that fall more easily from the sky, or it can cause the rain to fall in another location.3 In California, pollution blows eastward and causes a precipitation shortage of around one trillion gallons a year across the Sierra Nevada mountain ra
37、nge. By contrast, in very humid cities, such as Houston, heat and pollutants seem to invigorate summer storm activity by allowing clouds to build higher and fuller before releasing torrential rains.（分数：4.00）(1).The phrase wreak havoc on in paragraph 1 means（分数：1.00）A.isruptB.omitC.strengthenD.separa
38、te(2).The word drenching in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.almost missingB.severely damagingC.horoughly wettingD.entirely avoiding(3).The word hoisted in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.liftedB.groupedC.eturnedD.pointed(4).The word torrential in paragraph 3 is closest
39、in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.unexpectedB.warmC.infrequentD.heavy1 So much sentimentality is attached to the rose in popular culture that it is difficult to separate the original mythological and folkloric beliefs from the emotional excess that surrounds the flower Yet if we look into the beliefs, we find
40、 that the rose is much more than the mere symbol of romantic love invoked by every minor poet and painter2 One of the roses most common associations in folklore is with death. The Romans often decked the tombs of the dead with roses; in fact, Roman wills frequently specified that roses were to be pl
41、anted on the grave. To this day, in Switzerland, cemeteries are known as rose gardens. The Saxons equated the rose with life, and they believed that when a child died, the figure of death could be seen plucking a rose outside the house.3 The rose has a long association with female beauty. Shakespear
42、e mentions the rose more frequently than any other flower, often using it as a token of all that is lovely and good. For the Arabs, on the other hand, the rose was a symbol not of feminine but of masculine beauty.4 Later the rose became a sign of secrecy and silence. The expression sub rosa, “under
43、the rose,“ is traced to a Roman belief. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it was common practice to carve or paint roses on the ceilings of council chambers to emphasize the intention of secrecy.（分数：6.00）(1).The word sentimentality in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.onfu
44、sionB.beautyC.feelingD.popularity(2).The word invoked in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.avoidedB.called onC.criticizedD.taken away(3).The word decked in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.paintedB.separatedC.decoratedD.disguised(4).The word plucking in paragraph 2 is clos
45、est in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.growingB.smellingC.wearingD.picking(5).The word token in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.symbolB.proofC.justificationD.contradiction(6).The phrase sub rosa in paragraph 4 means（分数：1.00）A.romanticallyB.intentionallyC.secretlyD.commonly四、Passage 4(总题数：2，分数：10
46、.00)1 In the nineteenth century, Americans were becoming more familiar with European homes and luxuries. When “period“ furniture became popular, American furniture factories attempted to duplicate various styles of French and English furniture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. At the same
47、 time, designers in England were attempting a return to handicrafts as a means of self-expression. William Morris and other leaders of the English Arts and Crafts movement created home furnishings that celebrated the individuality of the designer.2 In the United States, a similar movement soon follo
48、wed. The American Arts and Crafts-or Craftsman-movement was based not only on individualism but also on a return to simplicity and practicality. Like the Arts and Crafts furniture in England, the Craftsman furniture in America represented a revolt from mass-produced furniture. Makers of Craftsman fu
49、rniture sought inspiration in human necessity, basing their furniture on a respect for the sturdy and primitive forms that were meant for usefulness alone.3 Gustav Stickley, pioneer of the Craftsman movement, believed that average working people wanted furniture that was comfortable to live with and would also be a good investment of money. Stickley felt that any American style in furniture would have to possess the essential qualities of durability, comfort, and convenience. Craftsman furniture was plain and unornamented-made to look as if the common man could build i
