1、托福-练习十一及答案解析(总分：38.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：12.00)Gadgets with a Sporting ChanceConsumer electronics: New sports equipment, from tennis rackets to running shoes, uses processing power to enhance performance. Is that fair? Why should aspiring athletes stand on the sidelines when a spot of e
2、lectronic assistance can put them in the middle of the game? That is the question many sports-equipment makers are asking as they sense an opportunity to boost their sales with high-tech products. You could call it the revenge of the nerds: a new wave of microchip-equipped sporting goods promises to
3、 enhance the performance of novices and non-sporting types alike-and could even make difficult sports easier.Take cross-country skiing. Victor Petrenko, an engineer at Dartmouth Colleges Ice Research Lab in New Hampshire, has invented some smart ski-brakes that, he believes, will increase the popula
4、rity of cross-country skiing by making the sport less challenging for beginners. The brakes, currently being tested by a ski manufacturer in the Alps, offer the necessary friction for a bigger “kick-off force“ and make the skis less likely to slide backwards in their tracks. To make this happen, an
5、electric current from the bottom of the skis pulses through the ice, melting a thin layer of snow that instantly refreezes and acts as a sort of glue.This is not the only form of smart ski to hit the slopes. Atomic, a leading ski-maker based in Austria, plans to introduce a system later this year th
6、at runs a diagnostic safety check to ensure that the ski binding is properly closed, with the result being shown on a tiny built-in liquid-crystal display. Meanwhile, tennis equipment manufacturers are hoping that innovation will bring new zip to their business as well. They certainly need to do som
7、ething: according to Sportscanlnfo, a market-research firm based in Florida, sales of tennis rackets in America fell 12.5% during the first half of 2004 compared with the first half of 2003.With the ball clearly in their court, researchers at Head, a maker of sporting equipment, have devised a produ
8、ct that should appeal to players suffering from tennis elbow. A chip inside the racket controls piezo-electric fibres, which convert mechanical energy from the balls impact into electrical potential energy. This energy is then used to generate a counter-force in the piezo-electric fibres that causes
9、 a dampening effect. All of this, the firm says, translates into less stress on the elbow. Head claims that residual vibrations in the racket are dampened twice as fast as in conventional rackets, reducing the shock experienced by the players arm by more than 50%.No doubt purists will object that th
10、is is simply not cricket. Rule-makers in many sports are now being forced to consider the implications of equipment that promises to augment athletes performance with electronic muscle. The International Tennis Federation, that body is responsible for setting the rules of the game, has specified in
11、its most recent guidelines that “no energy source that in any way changes or affects the playing characteristics of a racket may be built into or attached to a racket“.Yet despite such wording, the guideline does not actually eliminate the use of Heads smart rackets, because there is no external ene
12、rgy source-the damping effect relies solely on energy from the balls impact. Though high-tech equipment may cause controversy on the court, tennis clubs have to adhere to the guidelines set for the sport, explains Stuart Miller, the ITFs technical manager. And if the rules allow self-generated force
13、s to modify a rackets response, so be it.Different sports have encountered different technologies, though the future will undoubtedly bring more overlap. In golf, gadgets that pinpoint the location of the green using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The rule-making body of the Royal and Ancient
14、Golf Club of St. Andrews, which oversees the game in all countries except America and its dependencies, currently prohibits the use of distance-measuring devices. （分数：12.00）(1).The word “novices“ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _.A. beginner B. nerd C. sales D. listener（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A
15、ccording to paragraph 1, which of the following are microchip-equipped sporting products not expected to achieve? _A. Turning aspiring athletes into top players.B. Enhancing the performances of novices and non-sporting types alike.C. Increasing the popularity of difficult sports.D. Helping to boost
16、the sales.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In Paragraph 2, The word “their“ in the passage refers to _.A. brakes B. skisC. ski manufacturer D. kick-off force（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Why is the product of Head likely to appeal to players who suffer from tennis elbow? _A. Because it can reduce the shock experienced b
17、y the players arm by more than 50 %.B. Because it can achieve a gradual damping effect.C. Because it promises to improve athletes performances with electronic muscle.D. Because residual vibrations in the racket are stronger than in conventional rackets.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What is the purpose of the
18、 most recent guidelines made by the ITF? _A. To eliminate the use of smart rackets.B. To stop the development of high tech equipment.C. To encourage fair competition.D. To encourage the use of smart rackets.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Why is the trend towards high-tech assistance not limited to sports with
19、 a reputation according to the passage? _A. Expensive gear. B. Cheap gear.C. Predominant factor. D. Electronic enhancement.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).According to paragraph 6, which of the following is the reason that the damping effect relies solely on energy for Heads rackets? _A. The balls impact. B. B
20、attery-powered sensor.C. Foot position. D. The surface conditions.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).According to the passage, which of the following do the tennis equipment makers hope the innovation will affect their business? _A. Have good investment to their business.B. Bring new zip to their business.C. Have
21、 good future to their business.D. Bring new profit to their business.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).The word “devise“ in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to _.A. contrive B. give C. toss D. throw（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).Why the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews prohibits the use of distance measuring d
22、evice in paragraph 7? _A. Because high-tech fails to enhance players performances.B. Because they think the players skill should be the decisive factor.C. Because golfers have relied too much on the Global Positioning System.D. Because those devices dont work very well in tournaments.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.
23、D.(11).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Directions: Match the following technologies or products with the related manufacturers or institutes. There are more matches than manufacturers so you will not use them all.Atomic_Head_The Adidas_Answer ChoicesA. the Global Positional S
24、ystem (GPS).B. diagnostic safety check system.C. battery-powered sensor.D. ski-brakes with an electric current from the bottom.E. energy-converting racket.F. piezo-electric fibres.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Looking at Theatre HistoryOne of the primary ways of approaching the Greek th
25、eatre is through archeology, the systematic study of material remains such as architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, vase painting, and other forms of decorative art. Serious on-site excavations began in Greece around 1870, but W. D6rpfeld did not begin the first extensive study of the Theatre of Di
26、onysus until 1886. Since that time, more than 167 other Greek theatres have been identified and many of them have been excavated. Nevertheless, they still do not permit us to describe the precise appearance of the skene (illustrations printed in books are conjectural reconstructions), since many pie
27、ces are irrevocably lost because the buildings in later periods became sources of stone for other projects and what remains is usually broken and scattered. （分数：13.00）(1).According to paragraph 1, why is it impossible to identify the time period for theatres in Greece? _A. There are too few sites th
28、at have been excavated and very little data collected about them.B. The archeologists from earlier periods were not careful, and many artifacts were broken.C. It is confusing because stones from early sites were used to build later structures.D. Because it is very difficult to date the concrete that
29、 was used in construction during early periods.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the skene in theatre history? _A. Drawings in books are the only accurate visual records.B. Not enough evidence is available to make a precise model.C. Archaeologists have excavated a larg
30、e number of them.D. It was not identified or studied until the early 1800s.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “primary“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. reliable B. important C. unusual D. accepted（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “precise“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. attractive
31、B. simple C. difficult D. exact（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).In paragraph 2, the author explains that all vases with paintings of masks or musicians may not be evidence of theatrical subjects by _.A. arguing that the subjects could have been used by artists without reference to a dramaB. identifying some of
32、the vases as reproductions that were painted years after the originalsC. casting doubt on the qualifications of the scholars who produced the vases as evidenceD. pointing out that there are very few vases that have survived from the time of early dramas（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).The word “controversial“ i
33、n the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. accepted B. debated C. limited D. complicated（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).In paragraph 3, the author states that female characters in Greek theatre _.A. had no featured parts in playsB. were mostly ignored by criticsC. did not participate in the chorusD. frequentl
34、y played the part of victims（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).According to paragraph 3, scripts of plays may not be accurate because _.A. the sources cited are not well knownB. copies by hand may contain many errorsC. they are written in very old languageD. the printing is difficult to read（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).T
35、he word “them“ in the passage refers to _.A. events B. sources C. writers D. references（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).Why does the author mention a jigsaw puzzle in paragraph 4? _A. To demonstrate the difficulty in drawing conclusions from partial evidence.B. To compare the written references for plays to th
36、e paintings on vases.C. To justify using accounts and records that historians have located.D. To introduce the topic for the next reading passage in the textbook.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the authors opinion about vase paintings? _A. Evidence fr
37、om written documents is older than evidence from vase paintings.B. The sources for vase paintings are clear because of the images on them.C. The details in vase paintings are not obvious because of their age.D. There is disagreement among scholars regarding vase paintings.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look
38、at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage, Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they
39、express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Greek theatre has been studied by a variety of methods._Answer ChoicesA. Because the Greeks enjoyed dancing and music for entertainment outside of the theatre, many scenes on vase
40、s are ambiguous.B. Historical accounts assembled many years after the actual theatrical works were presented give us a broad perspective of the earlier theatre.C. Although considered less reliable, written records, including scripts, provide insights into the cultural aspects of theatre.D. Archaeolo
41、gical excavations have uncovered buildings and artifacts, many of which were vases with theatrical scenes painted on them.E. For the most part, men wrote the plays for Greek theatre, but choruses and even strong roles were played by women.F. Computer simulations can recreate the image of a building
42、that is crumbling as long as the dimensions and layout are known.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Origins of Jazz MusicThe musical phenomenon known as jazz developed in the years just prior to 1900, mainly in the city of New Orleans and to a lesser extent in other large American cities. Th
43、e roots of this quintessentially American music are varied and complex, but several main strands of culture and musical tradition can be thought of as precursors which eventually culminated in a recognizable musical genre.It is probable that black Africans who were brought to the New World to work a
44、s slaves on plantations carried with them an ability to improvise in music, in other words, to spontaneously vary individual parts in a musical performance. While working as slaves on plantations and later as free hands in work places, blacks used work songs with a degree of improvisation, recalling
45、 their African heritage, as a rhythm to ease the pain of hard manual labor. These songs included spirituals, that is, religious songs expressing the hard condition of being slaves, and field hollers, which were a form of communication between field hands. The problems faced by the newly freed slaves
46、 also became material for a style of singing which originated in moaning and lamentations about the difficulties of life. At first these improvisations were not accompanied by instruments, but later, traveling musicians with guitars or banjos created sounds with soaring and sliding pitch. （分数：13.00）
47、(1).According to paragraph 1, jazz developed _.A. mainly in the country B. without clear originsC. in various large cities D. in a recognizable culture（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “heritage“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. freedom B. landscape C. memories D. traditions（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.
48、(3).What does the author imply about the musical improvisation of black slaves? _A. It was no longer needed in America.B. It started on the slave plantations.C. It developed quickly in America.D. It had its origins in Africa.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to paragraph 2, songs helped slaves and free
49、d slaves _.A. to work harderB. to forget their homelandC. to bear the pain of hard workD. to make their lives more useful（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “influential“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. profound B. significantC. remarkable D. profitable（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).What can be inferred from paragraph 3 about ragtime music? _A. The bass line did not exist.B.
