1、托福-练习八及答案解析(总分：39.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Organic ArchitectureOne of the most striking personalities in the development of early- twentieth-century architecture was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959). Wright attended the University of Wisconsin in Madison before moving to Chicago, where
2、 he eventually joined the firm headed by Louis Sullivan. Wright set out to create “architecture of democracy“. Early influences were the volumetric shapes in a set of educational blocks the German educator Friedrich Froebel designed, the organic unity of a Japanese building Wright saw at the Columbi
3、an Exposition in Chicago in 1893, and a Jeffersonian belief in individualism and populism. Always a believer in architecture as “natural“ and “organic“, Wright saw it as serving free individuals who have the right to move within a “free“ space, envisioned as a nonsymmetrical design interacting spati
4、ally with its natural surroundings. He sought to develop an organic unity of planning, structure, materials, and site. Wright identified the principle of continuity as fundamental to understanding his view of organic unity. “Classic architecture was all fixation. Now why not let walls, ceilings, flo
5、ors become seen as component parts of each other? This ideal, profound in its architectural implications, I called continuity. “Wright manifested his vigorous originality early, and by 1900 he had arrived at a style entirely his own. In his work during the first decade of the twentieth century, his
6、cross-axial plan and his fabric of continuous roof planes and screens defined a new domestic architecture.Wright fully expressed these elements and concepts in the Robie House, built between 1907 and 1909. Like other buildings in the Chicago area he designed at about the same time, this was called a
7、 “prairie house“. Wright conceived the long, sweeping ground-hugging lines, unconfined by abrupt wall limits, as reaching out toward and capturing the expansiveness of the Midwests great flatlands. Abandoning all symmetry, the architect eliminated a facade, extended the roofs far beyond the walls, a
8、nd all but concealed the entrance. Wright filled the “wandering“ plan of the Robie House with intricately joined spaces (some large and open, others closed), grouped freely around a great central fireplace. (He believed strongly in the hearths age-old domestic significance. ) Wright designed enclose
9、d patios, overhanging roofs, and strip windows to provide unexpected light sources and glimpses of the outdoors as people move through the interior space. These elements, together with the open ground plan, create a sense of space-in-motion inside and out. He set masses and voids in equilibrium; the
10、 flow of interior space determined the exterior wall placement. The exteriors sharp angular planes meet at apparently odd angles, matching the complex play of interior solids, which function not as inert containing surfaces but as elements equivalent in role to the designs spaces. （分数：13.00）(1).Fran
11、k Lloyd Wright took inspiration for his work from _.A. the designs in classical architectureB. Jeffersons home near WashingtonC. educational blocks by Friedrich FroebelD. a trip to Japan when he was a young man（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What did Wright mean by the term “organic“?A. Fixation. B. Ideal. C.
12、Continuity. D. Classic.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The phrase “his own“ in the passage refers to _.A. style B. originality C. work D. plan（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The word “conceived“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. utilized B. noticed C. created D. examined（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “abandonin
13、g“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. Influencing B. ModifyingC. Perfecting D. Discontinuing（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the author gives details for the design of the Robie House because _.A. the design included both indoor and outdoor plansB. the Robie Ho
14、use included many of Wrights original ideasC. all of the accessories of the house were included in the designD. Wright lived in the Robie House between 1907 and 1909（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The word “prime“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. most important B. most numerousC. most common D. mos
15、t accepted（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).How was “Fallingwater“ different from the Robie House?A. “Fallingwater“ was an earlier example of naturalism than the Robie House.B. “Fallingwater“ was much smaller than the Robie House because it was a retreat.C. “Fallingwater“ was better suited to the site with views
16、 through huge windows.D. “Fallingwater“ was built with an open floor plan, unlike the Robie House.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).According to paragraph 5, why did Wright begin to build smaller versions of his prairie designs?A. To publish his plans in Europe.B. To give the middle class a good design.C. To hel
17、p younger architects with their work.D. To begin a revolution in architecture.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).According to paragraph 5, Wrights work became well-known in Europe because _.A. his plans were published and he held exhibitionsB. he visited several universities and gave lecturesC. his revolutionary
18、 ideas appealed to younger architectsD. he was already very famous in the United States（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).According to the passage, a “prairie house“ has all of the following features EXCEPT _.A. a central fireplace B. enclosed patiosC. an inviting entrance D. strip windows（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).L
19、ook at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summa
20、ry because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.By 1900, Frank Lloyd Wright had developed a unique style of architecture._Answer ChoicesA. Wright spent a few years extending his influence to Europe where he was wel
21、l-known.B. Frank Lloyd Wright had attended the University of Wisconsin prior to taking a position with a Chicago firm.C. Wright became famous for spaces that were true to their organic functions.D. “Fallingwater“, like other suburban and country homes that Wright built, joined the structure to the n
22、atural setting.E. Wright was interested in the design of German building blocks for children created by Friedrich Froebel.F. Robie House and other buildings in Chicago were examples of an organic structure called a “prairie house“.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：13.00)New Women of the Ice AgeTh
23、e status of women in a society depends in large measure on their role in the economy. The reinterpretation of the Paleolithic past centers on new views of the role of women in the food-foraging economy. Amassing critical and previously overlooked evidence from Dolni Vestonice and the neighboring sit
24、e of Pavlov, researchers Olga Softer, James Adovasio, and David Hyland now propose that human survival there had little to do with men hurling spears at big-game animals. Instead, observes Softer, one of the worlds leading authorities on Ice Age hunters and gatherers and an archeologist at the Unive
25、rsity of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana, it depended largely on women, plants, and a technique of hunting previously invisible in the archeological evidence-net hunting. “This is not the image weve always had of Upper Paleolithic macho guys out killing animals up close and personal,“ Softer explains.
26、“Net hunting is communal, and it involves the labor of children and women. And this has lots of implications. “Many of these implications make her conservative colleagues cringe because they raise serious questions about the focus of previous studies. European archeologists have long concentrated on
27、 analyzing broken stone tools and butchered big-game bones, the most plentiful and best preserved relics of the Upper Paleolithic era (which stretched from 40,000 to 12,000 years ago). From these analyses, researchers have developed theories about how these societies once hunted and gathered food. M
28、ost researchers ruled out the possibility of women hunters for biological reasons. Adult females, they reasoned, had to devote themselves to breast-feeding and tending infants. “Human babies have always been immature and dependent,“ says Softer. “If women are the people who are always involved with
29、biological reproduction and the rearing of the young, then that is going to constrain their behavior. They have to provision that child. For fathers, provisioning is optional. “To test theories about Upper Paleolithic life, researchers looked to ethnography, the scientific description of modern and
30、historical cultural groups. While the lives of modern hunters do not exactly duplicate those of ancient hunters, they supply valuable clues to universal human behavior. In many historical societies, Softer observes, women played a key part in net hunting, since the technique did not call for brute s
31、trength nor did it place young mothers in physical peril. Among Australian aborigines, for example. Women as well as men knotted the mesh, laboring for as much as two or three years on a fine net. Among native American groups, they helped lay out their handiwork on poles across a valley floor. Then
32、the entire camp joined forces as beaters. Fanning out across the valley, men, women, and children alike shouted and screamed, flushing out game and driving it in the direction of the net. “Everybody and their mothers could participate,“ says Softer. “Some people were beating, others were screaming o
33、r holding the net. And once you got the net on these animals, they were immobilized. You didnt need brute force. You could club them, hit them any old way. “People seldom returned home empty-handed. Researchers living among the net hunting Mbuti in the forests of the Congo report that they capture g
34、ame every time they lay out their woven traps, scooping up 50 percent of the animals encountered. “Nets are a far more valued item in their panoply of food-producing things than bows and arrows are,“ says Adovasio. So lethal are these traps that the Mbuti generally rack up more meat than they can co
35、nsume, trading the surplus with neighbors. Other net hunters traditionally smoked or dried their catch and stored it for leaner times.Softer doubts that the inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov were the only net makers in Ice Age Europe. Camps stretching from Germany to Russia are littered with
36、 a notable abundance of small-game bones, from hares to birds like ptarmigan. And at least some of their inhabitants whittled bone tools that look much like the awls and net spacers favored by historical net makers. Although the full range of their activities is unlikely ever to be known for certain
37、, there is good reason to believe that Ice Age women played a host of powerful roles. （分数：13.00）(1).How do Softers theories compare with those of more conservative researchers? _A. They are in agreement for the most part regarding the activities that women performed.B. Softer has based her theories
38、on archeological evidence that her colleagues had not considered.C. Conservative researchers are doubtful about the studies of stone tools and big-game bones.D. Her theories are much more difficult to prove because she relies on modern cultural evidence.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The word “it“ in the pass
39、age refers to _.A. evidence B. survival C. site D. technique（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word “ implications“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. defects B. advantagesC. suggestions D. controversies（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be inferred about Dr. Softer from paragraph 2? _.A. She does not ag
40、ree that women should be the primary caretakers for children.B. She is probably not as conservative in her views as many of her colleagues.C. She is most likely a biologist who is doing research on European women.D. She has recently begun studying hunting and gathering in the Upper Paleolithic era.（
41、分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word “constrain“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. limit B. plan C. notice D. improve（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out impo
42、rtant information.A. Historically, net hunting was considered too dangerous for women because it required physical strength that they did not possess.B. Women throughout history have participated in societies by teaching their children how to use net hunting.C. In many societies, the women did not p
43、articipate in net hunting because hunting was an exception to historical traditions.D. Because, historically, net hunting was not perilous and did not require great strength, women have been important participants in it.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Based on the information in paragraph 3, which of the follo
44、wing best explains the term “net hunting“?A. An approach to hunting developed by Australian fishermen.B. A very dangerous method of hunting large animals.C. A way for the camp to protect women and children from wild animals.D. A hunting technique that includes the entire community.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(
45、8).Why does the author mention native American and Aborigine groups in paragraph 3?A. To give examples of modern groups in which women participate in net hunting.B. To demonstrate how net hunting should be carried out in modern societies.C. To describe net hunting techniques that protect the women i
46、n the group.D. To contrast their net hunting techniques with those of the people in the Congo.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about hunting in the Congo?A. The Mbuti value their nets almost as much as their bows and arrows.B. Trade with other tribes is l
47、imited because all food must be stored.C. Net hunters are successful in capturing half of their prey.D. Vegetables are the staple part of the diet for the Mbuti people.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).According to paragraph 5, why does Softer conclude that net hunting was widespread in Europe during the Ice Ag
48、e?A. Because there are a lot of small game still living in Europe.B. Because tools to make nets have been found in camps throughout Europe.C. Because the bones of small animals were found in Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov.D. Because German and Russian researchers have verified her data.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.
49、(11).The word “roles“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.A. problems B. developmentsC. locations D. functions（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the theory to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Previous Theories_
