1、托福-练习二十八及答案解析(总分：7.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPassage 1/B(总题数：3，分数：3.00)1. THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ROMANTICISMThe Romantic Movement in music and literature was a reaction against the Enlightenment philosophy that had dominated much of the eighteenth century. Enlightenment ideals held that human society could re
2、ach perfection through rational thought, while Romantic philosophy reveled in the beauty and unpredictable power of Nature. The Enlightenment gloried in civilization and believed in princely rule of a benevolent kind. Romanticism believed in democracy and the common people, reviving folk traditions,
3、 ballads, and medieval sagas that made heroes of rural characters. Artistically, the Enlightenment condemned excess and dictated that the discipline of formal structure was beneficial to artistic expression. Romanticism, on the other hand, celebrated emotions and the senses, believing that the emoti
4、onal demands of a particular work should dictate its form. While the Enlightenment believed in a generally positive approach to life and the abandonment of superstition, Romanticism found inspiration in death as an “other kingdom“ and in the supernatural; hence, literature developed a “Gothic“ strea
5、k that eventually found its way into music.1. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the philosophy that they illustrate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. There is value in emotions, the senses, and the p
6、ower of Nature.B. The discipline of formal structure benefits artistic expression.C. Death and the supernatural are sources of inspiration.D. Artistic values are more important than social themes.E. Human society can reach perfection through rational thought.F. Folk traditions are important because
7、common people are heroes.G. Symbols and patterns of images convey artistic meaning.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.2. VALLEY FLOORS1 The floor of a river valley develops in one of two ways: as a rock-floored valley bottom or as an accumulation valley floor. A rock-floored valley is formed by a stream that no
8、 longer incises by cutting downward but mther erodes latemlly in a course that winds from side to side across the valley floor. In a rock-floored valley, the valley slopes are undercut and steepened by the sideways erosion. The floor of the river channel lies in the bedrock, and on either side of th
9、e channel it is covered by only a thin layer of gmvel and sand. As the stream swings across the valley floor, it deposits material on the insides of the bends in the channel.2 The second type of valley bottom, the accumulation floor, cannot easily be distinguished from a rock-floored valley on its s
10、urface. An accumulation valley floor is created by the continuous deposition of gmvel and sand in an existing incised valley where the accumulation of material has replaced the cutting action. Both the channel floor and the floodplain-the part of the valley floor flooded frequently at high water-are
11、 composed entirely of these gmvel and sand deposits. An accumulation floor is much less resistant to erosion than a rock floor since the gmvel and sand of its channel bed have already been transported and may easily be removed during the next flood.2. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer
12、 choices and match them to the type of valley floor that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. The river channel flows directly over the bedrock.B. The top layer of rock is more resistant to erosion than the underlying rock.C. Dep
13、osits of gravel and sand accumulate on the valley floor.D. The river swings from side to side, leaving material on the insides of bends in the channel.E. Sand and rock accumulate parallel to the coast but separated from it by a channel.F. The sideways erosion of the river undercuts and steepens the
14、valley slopes.G. The channel floor and the floodplain are made entirely of gravel and sand deposits.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.3. ANIMALS AND PLANTS1 We can distinguish animals from plants by looking at their contrasting modes of nutrition. Unlike plants, animals cannot manufacture their own food. Anima
15、ls cannot construct organic molecules from inorganic chemicals as plants can during photosynthesis. Animals must take pre-formed organic molecules into their bodies. Most animals do this by ingestion-that is, by eating other organisms or organic material. Animals store their food reserves as glycoge
16、n, whereas plants store their food as starch.2 Animal cells lack the cell walls that characterize plant cells, and animal cells have unique types of junctions between them. In most animals, cells are successively organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Animals have two types of tissues th
17、at plants do not have. The first is nervous tissue, for the conduction of electrical impulses, and the other is muscle tissue, for movement. Nerves and muscles, which control active behavior, are unique to animals.3 Animal life began in the Precambrian seas with the evolution of multi-cellular forms
18、 that lived by eating other organisms. This new way of life led to an evolutionary explosion of diverse forms. Early animals populated the seas, flesh water, and eventually the land. The diversity of animal life on Earth today is the result of over half a billion years of evolution from those first
19、ancestors that consumed other life forms.3. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the form of life that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Answer ChoicesA. They are not able to manufacture their own food.B.
20、They construct organic molecules from inorganic chemicals.C. They have the ability to survive on another planet.D. Nerves and muscles control their active behavior.E. They evolved from multi-cellular forms that ate other organisms.F. They store their food reserves as starch.G. They have evolved very
21、 little over one billion years.H. They have neither nervous tissue nor muscle tissue.I. Their cells do not have walls.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.二、BPassage 2/B(总题数：2，分数：4.00)1. COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY1 Arcades were built in Paris as early as 1799 and in London in 1816, but
22、these were primarily arched passages through buildings to connect institutions. American arcades, by contmst, were not just passages to some other destination but the entire focus of large commercial blocks, and were, in effect, prototypical shopping malls. The Providence Arcade (1829) in Rhode Isla
23、nds capital illustmtes the American tmnsformation of the arcade into a temple of shopping. The Arcades pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered shops. The Arcade was set at the edge of Providences business district, making it a focal point for future growth. On the two st
24、reet sides, six huge gmnite columns modeled on a Greek temple dominated the buildings facades.2 Nineteenth-century urban Americans flocked to another ancestor of the contemporary shopping mall, the department store, a controlled indoor world where an army of goods were organized under a single manag
25、ement. The origins of the department store were in Cincinnati, where in 1829, a new kind of building was dedicated to tmde, business, and culture. This building, called the Bazaar, featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome that meant to unite multiple functions under one symbolic roof. Unfor
26、tunately, however, the Bazaar was short-lived. A more successful commercial and architectuml prototype was the department store known as the Marble Palace, which opened in New York in 1846. Monumental in style, the buildings impressive facade of Corinthian columns, with large plate glass display win
27、dows between them, easily lured in the citys wealthy customers.1. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of building that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. It is a passage under or
28、through a building to connect streets.B. A glass roof encloses an area lined with vertical rows of shops.C. A wide variety of goods are organized under one management.D. It is designed to be the entire focus of a large commercial block.E. The earliest example had a four-story rotunda under a large d
29、ome.F. It specializes in selling a single category of high-quality goods.G. Its large display windows are designed to attract customers.* ABCDEFGBDArcade: The Arcades pitched glass roof sheltered a large open space surrounded by tiered shops; . the entire focus of large commercial blocksC, E, G Depa
30、rtment store: .an array of goods were organized under a single management; The origins of the department store.in 1829, a new kind of building.featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome.; . large plate glass display windows, easily lured in the citys wealthy customers. Answer (A) is inaccurat
31、e; answer (F) is not mentioned.（分数：2.00）(1). COMMERCIAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY1 Arcades were built in Paris as early as 1799 and in London in 1816, but these were primarily arched passages through buildings to connect institutions. American arcades, by contmst, were not just passages
32、 to some other destination but the entire focus of large commercial blocks, and were, in effect, prototypical shopping malls. The Providence Arcade (1829) in Rhode Islands capital illustmtes the American tmnsformation of the arcade into a temple of shopping. The Arcades pitched glass roof sheltered
33、a large open space surrounded by tiered shops. The Arcade was set at the edge of Providences business district, making it a focal point for future growth. On the two street sides, six huge gmnite columns modeled on a Greek temple dominated the buildings facades.2 Nineteenth-century urban Americans f
34、locked to another ancestor of the contemporary shopping mall, the department store, a controlled indoor world where an army of goods were organized under a single management. The origins of the department store were in Cincinnati, where in 1829, a new kind of building was dedicated to tmde, business
35、, and culture. This building, called the Bazaar, featured a four-story rotunda beneath a huge dome that meant to unite multiple functions under one symbolic roof. Unfortunately, however, the Bazaar was short-lived. A more successful commercial and architectuml prototype was the department store know
36、n as the Marble Palace, which opened in New York in 1846. Monumental in style, the buildings impressive facade of Corinthian columns, with large plate glass display windows between them, easily lured in the citys wealthy customers.1. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match
37、 them to the type of building that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. It is a passage under or through a building to connect streets.B. A glass roof encloses an area lined with vertical rows of shops.C. A wide variety of goods
38、are organized under one management.D. It is designed to be the entire focus of a large commercial block.E. The earliest example had a four-story rotunda under a large dome.F. It specializes in selling a single category of high-quality goods.G. Its large display windows are designed to attract custom
39、ers.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.(2). RESEARCH DESIGNS1 In the fields of psychology and sociology, a crucial decision for researchers is which research design to use. When the subject of the study is how people change or develop over time, two designs are frequently used: the cross-sectional design and th
40、e longitudinal design.2 Cross-sectional studies look at a cross-section of subjects and compare their responses. The essential characteristics of the design are that it includes groups of subjects at different age levels, and that each subject is tested or interviewed only once. For example, researc
41、hers may give a memory test to adults in their twenties through seventies, select the youngest group as a standard, and then compare each older group to that norm. Cross-sectional studies are relatively quick to do and can provide information about possible age differences. However, they do not reve
42、al anything about individual change over time, since each subject is tested only once.3 Longitudinal studies differ from cross-sectional studies because they test or interview the same subjects over time and therefore allow us to look at consistency or change within the same individual. The typical
43、procedure is to select a relatively small group of subjects who are all about the same age at the beginning of the study and then look at them repeatedly over a period of time. Short-term longitudinal studies cover several years and are common in research on both children and adults. Long-term longi
44、tudinal studies follow subjects from childhood into adulthood, from early to middle adulthood, or from middle adulthood to old age. One advantage of longitudinal studies is that any changes found are real changes, not just age-group differences.2. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer cho
45、ices and match them to the research design that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesA. A group of subjects of the same age is tested repeatedly over a long period.B. Researchers examine an existing relationship between two groups o
46、f subjects.C. This design allows researchers to study human behavior indirectly.D. Researchers test or interview each subject only one time.E. This type of study may reveal differences that are not just age-group differences.F. Researchers can study consistency or change within the same individual.G
47、. This design can tell us about possible differences among various age groups.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.G.PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSATION1 Behavioral biologists ask two basic types of questions about animal behavior: how animals behave and why they behave as they do. The “how“ questions seek to understa
48、nd the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and place. For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the spring in terms of hormonal or neural mechanisms. Such physiological causes of behavior are proximate factors.
49、 Alternatively, another biologist might ask what purpose singing serves the sparrow, and then attempt to understand events in the evolution of birds that led to springtime singing. These are “why“ questions that focus on ultimate causation, the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior. UThese two types of questions are very independent approaches to behavior./U2 Questions about proximate causation examine how animals perform their various functions at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels. The biological sciences that address p
