1、托福-练习二十七及答案解析(总分：21.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：5，分数：5.00)1.WINSLOW HOMER1 Winslow Homer, one of the most prominent nineteenth-century painters, was responsible for raising watercolor to its position as an important medium in American art. Homer was a master of watercolor, and his best watercolor
2、paintings equal his larger oil paintings in both structure and intensity. Through long practice, Homer understood and exploited the requirements of watercolor, which he applied where most appropriate-to the recording of immediate experience. He had great powers of visual analysis and never looked at
3、 a scene without seeing its underlying structure.2 Some of Homers watercolors of the Adirondack woods, with their complicated weaving of vertical tree trunks against a background of deep autumnal tones, are demonstrations of masterful completeness. In one particular Adirondack painting, The Blue Boa
4、t (1892), all elements come together with perfect unity: the deep blue of the boats hull, the green and gold landscape, the alertness of the fishermen, the brilliant clouds and their reflections on the water. Furthermore, its design unites the structural elements with the artists enjoyment of markin
5、g and coloring the paper-all are blended as though in a single moment of vision and action.1. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences
6、 do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.2.MORAINES1 The term moraine refers to the rock debris carried or deposited by a glacier. The term applies to the deb
7、ris moved along within the glacier or on its surface, the debris left behind after the glacier melts, and the landforms made up of these debris deposits. The debris transported by a glacier is produced either by erosion of the rock beneath the glacier or by erosion on the slopes rising above the sur
8、face of the glacier. Material eroded by the glacier is carried primarily at the base of the glacier and along the outer margins of the glacier.2 While rivers sort transported rock according to size, a glacier transports its material like a factory conveyer belt, moving the largest blocks and the fin
9、est dust next to each other at the same rate of movement over the same distance. Thus, moraine debris remains unsorted both during its transport and after it has been deposited. This unsorted glacial material is called drift. Some moraines are composed only of coarse material and large boulders, whi
10、le others contain large quantities of finer-grained material such as silt and clay.3 Once the glacial ice has retreated, the moraine deposits are left exposed on the land surface. The various landforms-moraines-indicate the position of the debris within or on the glacier during the glaciers movement
11、. Their shape and composition also provide information about the shape, mass, and ice flow of the glacier.2. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
12、 Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.3.CULTURAL EVOLUTION1 The history of life is the story of biological evolution on a changing planet, a
13、nd at no time has change ever been as rapid as in the age of humans. The evolution of humans and their culture has had enormous consequences, making humans a new force in the history of life.2 Cultural evolution has occurred in stages, beginning with the nomads who hunted and gathered food on the Af
14、rican grasslands two million years ago. These hunter-gatherers made tools, organized communal activities, and divided labor. Next came the development of agriculture in several parts of the world 10 to 15 thousand years ago. Agriculture led to permanent settlements, the first cities, and trade among
15、 societies. An important cultural leap was the Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century. Since then, new technology has escalated exponentially, and so has the human impact on the planet.3 Throughout this cultural evolution, from simple hunter-gatherers to high-tech societies, hu
16、mans have not changed much biologically. Our knowledge is stored not in our genes but in the product of thousands of years of human experience. Cultural evolution has enabled us to defy our physical limitations and shortcut biological evolution. We no longer have to wait to adapt to our environment
17、through natural selection; we simply change the environment to meet our needs. We are the dominant species of life and bring environmental change wherever we go.3. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choice
18、s that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.4.SHAKESPEARES ROMANCES1 Shakespeares late come
19、dies-including Cymbeline, The Tempest and The Winters Tale-are classified as romances. They are based on a tradition of romantic literature going back at least to ancient Greece, in which the central theme of love serves as the trigger for extraordinary adventures. Love is subjected to abnormal stra
20、ins, often involving separation, jealousy, and other elements of tragedy. There are also fantastic journeys to exotic lands, and absurd coincidences and mistaken identities that complicate the plot, but everything is resolved in the traditional happy ending of comedy.2 All of Shakespeares romances s
21、hare a number of these classical themes, such as the theme of separation and reunion of loved ones, particularly family members. Daughters are separated from parents, and wives from husbands, in Cymbeline and The Winters Tale. Sons are separated from fathers in The Winters Tale and The Tempest. The
22、related idea of exile also occurs, with the banished characters-usually rulers or future rulers- restored to their rightful position at the end of the play. The theme of jealousy is prominent, with the conclusion that love requires patience in times of adversity. The characters are frequently subjec
23、ted to long journeys, many involving shipwrecks. Magical developments arise and supernatural beings appear, most notably in The Tempest, in which the leading character is a sorcerer.4. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting th
24、e THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.5.WATER LOSS1 Metabolic ac
25、tivities require a constant supply of certain materials such as water, oxygen, and salts, and cells must replace these materials by withdrawing them from the environment. Humans lose water by evaporation from respiratory and body surfaces and must replenish such losses by drinking water, by obtainin
26、g water from food, and by retaining metabolic water formed in cells by oxidation of foods, especially carbohydrates.2 Humans obtain half of their total water requirement by drinking. With enough water to drink, the human body can withstand extremely high temperatures while preventing a rise in body
27、temperature. When the surrounding air temperature rises, the bodys internal environment responds to this change by the evaporative cooling method of sweating. The ability to keep cool in this way was impressively demonstrated in the eighteenth century by a British scientist who stayed for 45 minutes
28、 in a room heated to 260 degrees Fahrenheit (126 degrees Celsius). He survived uninjured and his body temperature did not rise because he continuously drank water and sweated. A steak he had brought into the room with him, however, was thoroughly cooked.3 Sweating rates may exceed three liters of wa
29、ter per hour under such conditions and cannot be tolerated unless the lost water is replaced. Without water to drink, the body will continue to sweat and lose water. When the water deficit exceeds 10 percent of the body weight, collapse occurs, and when the water deficit reaches about 15 to 20 perce
30、nt, death occurs.5. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not pres
31、ented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.二、Passage 2(总题数：2，分数：8.00)MATHEMATICIANS1 Like a painter or a poet, a mathematician is a creator of patterns, but mathematical patterns are made with ideas rather than paint or words. Mathema
32、ticians are motivated by the belief that they may be able to create a pattern that is entirely new, one that changes forever the way that others think about the mathematical order. Mathematics allows great speculative freedom, and mathematicians can create any kind of system they want. However, in t
33、he end, every mathematical theory must be relevant to physical reality, either directly or by importance to the body of mathematics.2 Mathematicians have an exceptional ability to manage long chains of reasoning. They routinely develop theories from very simple contexts and then apply them to very c
34、omplex ones. For example, they may develop a formula for the movement of an ameba and then try to apply it to successive levels of the animal kingdom, concluding with a theory of human walking.3 An extended chain of reasoning may be intuitive, and many mathematicians report that they sense a solutio
35、n long before they have worked out each step in detail. However, even when guided by intuition, they must eventually work out the solution in exact detail if they are to convince others of its validity. They must demonstrate the solution without any errors or omissions in definition or in line of re
36、asoning. In fact, errors of omission (forgetting a step) or of commission (making some assumption that is untrue) can destroy the value of a mathematical contribution. The mathematician must be rigorous: no fact can be accepted unless it has been proved by steps conforming to universally accepted pr
37、inciples.4 At the center of mathematical talent lies the ability to recognize significant problems and then to solve them. One source of delight for mathematicians is finding the solution to a problem that has long been considered insoluble. Other accomplishments are inventing a new field of mathema
38、tics and discovering links between otherwise separate fields of mathematics.（分数：4.00）(1).Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1?A. Mathematicians are more creative than ordinary people in the ways that they think about patterns and or
39、der.B. Motivation is less important to mathematicians than the belief in their own ability to change other people.C. Mathematicians use their creative talent to motivate other people to look for new ways to solve important problems.D. The idea of establishing a completely new way of understanding ma
40、thematics is what motivates mathematicians.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, why must mathematicians be able to manage long chains of reasoning?A. A solution must be demonstrated in detail to convince others of its validity.B. Mathematicians enjoy creating complex solutions to simple pr
41、oblems.C. There are often no computer programs that are able to solve the problem.D. Mathematical problems involve abstract ideas that are difficult to explain.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The word insoluble in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA. irrelevant to realityB. not mathematicalC. impossible to s
42、olveD. not interesting to others（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summar3 by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the
43、y express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.A. Mathematicians share many characteristics with painters and poets.B. Mathematicians must be able to recognize significant problems and find relevant solutions to them.C. The ab
44、ility to handle long chains of reasoning is essential in developing complex theories.D. Mathematicians often have to explain mathematical concepts in simple terms to people from other fields.E. Mathematicians must be rigorous in demonstrating solutions in precise detail with no errors in definition
45、or reasoning.F. The ability to find links between separate fields of mathematics is a test of mathematical talent. （分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.F.WHITE-COLLAR CRIME1 A variety of illegal acts committed by people in the course of their employment, for their own personal gain, are collectively known as white-co
46、llar crime. Embezzlement, theft, and trading securities on the basis of insider information are common forms of white-collar crime. The majority of cases involve low-level employees who steal because they are under temporary financial stress. Many plan to put the money back as soon as possible but m
47、ay never do so. Their crimes are usually never discovered because the amounts of money are small, no one notices the loss, and law enforcement agencies have few resources for investigating this type of crime.2 However, there are some very large cases of white-collar crime, such as multimillion- doll
48、ar stock market or banking scams that take years to discover and are extremely difficult and expensive to prosecute. In the 1980s, hundreds of executives of American savings and loan associations took advantage of a change in the law that allowed them to make unsecured loans to friends and relatives
49、-which they then did, in the amount of $500 billion in unpaid debt. Only a few of those executives were prosecuted, and little of the money was recovered. American taxpayers ultimately covered the amount at a cost of about $4,000 per person.3 White-collar crime is not confined to the business sector. Government employment, especially at the city level, also provides opportunities to line ones pockets. For example, building inspectors accept bribes and kickbacks, auctioneers rig sales of seized property, and full-time employees receive welfare payments.4 Although white-co
