1、托福-练习二十一及答案解析(总分：30.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：7，分数：10.00)1.In classical and medieval times, the study of music shared many features with the discipline of mathematics, such as an interest in proportions, special ratios, and recurring patterns. In the twentieth century, the introduction of twelve
2、-tone music and the widespread use of computers inspired further study into the relationship between musical and mathematical abilities. Musical performances require sensitivity to ratios that are often complex, and to appreciate the operation of rhythms, a performer must have some basic numerical c
3、ompetence.1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.The disciplines of music and mathematics originated in classical times.B.People have long been aware of links between music and mathematics.C.Both music and mathematics require an understanding of computers.D.Professiona
4、l musicians must study mathematics at the university level.1 Some people believe that odors and fragrances affect the body and mind and are capable of healing anxiety, stress, and other sources of disease. Interest in aromatherapy- and the use of aromatherapy products such as lotions and inhalants-c
5、ontinues to boom. Some popular essential oils and their uses in aromatherapy include lavender and chamomile, which are reputed to ease stress and promote sleep. The scent of jasmine will uplift the mood and reduce depression. Orange eases anxiety and depression and promotes creativity. Peppermint ha
6、s antibacterial and analgesic qualities, eases mental fatigue, and relieves headaches.2 However, aromatherapy is not for everyone. For people who suffer from fragrance sensitivity, asthma, or allergies, aromas like perfumes can prompt disabling health problems, including headaches, dizziness, nausea
7、 and vomiting, fatigue, difficulty breathing, difficulty concentrating, flu-like symptoms, and anaphylaxis.（分数：2.00）(1).It can be inferred that aromatherapy is（分数：1.00）A.the main use of essential oils from plantsB.the use of certain scents to promote healthC.not recommended for treating headachesD.n
8、ot an effective method of curing disease(2).All of the following fragrances are believed to reduce stress EXCEPT（分数：1.00）A.avenderB.jasmineC.chamomileD.orange2.Corvids are sociable and tend to form social groups. This is particularly true of rooks, which stay in their flocks all year round. The rave
9、n, largest of the corvids, joins a social group as a juvenile, pairing off at around the age of three and mating for life. Courtship can involve such games as pair snow sliding and the synchronized flight test. Corvids can be found all over the world. The adaptability and intelligence of this family
10、 have made them extremely successful. For centuries, the raven and the crow have held a special place in the mythology of various cultures.2. It can be inferred from the passage that corvids are（分数：1.00）A.a family of birdsB.games for childrenC.members of a sports clubD.imaginary beings3.The input of
11、 solar energy supplies 99 percent of the energy needed to heat the earth and all buildings on it. How is this possible? Most people think of solar energy in terms of direct heat from the sun. However, broadly defined, solar energy includes direct energy from the sun as well as a number of indirect f
12、orms of energy produced by this direct input. Major indirect forms of solar energy include wind, hydropower, and biomass-solar energy converted to chemical energy in trees, plants, and other organic matter.3. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the follo
13、wing about solar energy?（分数：1.00）A.Solar energy is not used as much as it could be used.B.It is not possible to develop direct forms of solar energy.C.Trees, plants, and organic matter can store solar energy.D.The definition of solar energy will continue to chang1 Animal behaviorists believe the ora
14、ngutan is a cultured ape, able to learn new living habits and to pass them along to the next generation. Some orangutan parents teach their young to use leaves as napkins, while others demonstrate the technique of getting water from a hole by dipping a branch in and then licking the leaves. Oranguta
15、ns have been observed saying goodnight with the gift of a juicy raspberry. Such social interactions lead researchers to conclude that if orangutans have culture, then the capacity to learn culture is very ancient.2 In the evolutionary timeline, orangutans separated from the ancestors of humans many
16、millions of years ago, and they may have had culture before they separated. The discovery of orangutan culture suggests that early primates-including ancestors of humans-might have developed the ability to invent new behaviors, such as tool use, as early as 14 million years ago, approximately 6 mill
17、ion years earlier than once believed.（分数：2.00）(1).What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about social interactions related to teaching and learning?（分数：1.00）A.They are behaviors that only orangutans have displayed.B.They are misunderstood by animal behaviorists.C.They indicate similarities between or
18、angutans and other apes.D.They provide evidence that orangutans have cultur(2).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2?（分数：1.00）A.The ancestors of humans learned culture from orangutans.B.Orangutans were more advanced than most other early primates.C.Primate culture may be older than
19、 scientists used to believe.D.Scientists have found orangutan tools that are 6 million years olOne of the most significant elements of age stratification in all cultures is the pattern of experiences connected to marriage and parenting-a pattern that sociologists call the family life cycle. In North
20、 America, about 90 percent of adults marry, and the great majority of them have children and thus a family life cycle related to family experiences. When the familys first child is born, the parents embark on a sequence of experiences linked to the childs development-from infancy and toddlerhood, th
21、rough school age and adolescence, and eventually, to departure from the nest. Each of these periods in the childs life makes a different set of demands on the parents.（分数：2.00）(1).The phrase embark on in the passage is closest in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.ttemptB.beginC.iscussD.avoid(2).It can be inferre
22、d from the passage that the family life cycle（分数：1.00）A.takes place whether or not people have childrenB.does not occur in cultures outside of North AmericaC.must be redefined from one generation to the nextD.shapes several years in the lives of most adults4.The reasons for the migration from rural
23、to urban life were exploitation and lack of economic opportunity. The family members who would not inherit a share in the property were exploited by the laws of inheritance. The system was particularly hard on women, who usually did not share in the ownership of the farm and who rarely were paid for
24、 their labor. The workday for women was even more demanding than it was for men. Women were responsible for the kitchen garden and the small livestock as well as the care of the family. Unmarried women increasingly left the farm in search of economic opportunity in the factories that processed fish
25、or farm products.4. It can be inferred from the passage that women under this system（分数：1.00）A.moved from farm to farm in search of workB.were paid less than men for the same workC.did not acquire property through inheritanceD.had to get married in order to stay on the farm二、Passage 2(总题数：3，分数：10.00
26、)1 In the early nineteenth century, most of the Europeans who immigrated to the United States were from northern and western European countries such as England, Germany, France, and Sweden. However, most of the fifteen million Europeans arriving between 1890 and 1914 came from southern and eastern E
27、urope, with the largest numbers coming from Russia, Italy, Greece, Austria-Hungary, and Armenia.2 A similar pattern occurred in Canada, where most immigrants were traditionally from England and the United States. After 1890, an increasing number came from eastern Europe, particularly Russia and Ukra
28、ine. Many of these headed for the Prairie Provinces. The Doukhobors, a pacifist sect from southern Russia, established communal settlements in Saskatchewan. Together with other immigrants, they arrived in such numbers that in the two decades between the completion of the main railroad network and th
29、e outbreak of war in 1914, the population of the prairies had increased from about 150,000 to 1.5 million.（分数：2.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about European immigration to the United States in the nineteenth century?（分数：1.00）A.The sources of immigrants shifted to dif
30、ferent parts of Europe.B.Most of the European immigrants could not speak English.C.More immigrants came from Europe than from other continents.D.Northern and western Europeans did not immigrate after 1890.(2).It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Doukhobors（分数：1.00）A.were the largest immigran
31、t group in North AmericaB.also immigrated to the United StatesC.mainly settled in the Canadian prairiesD.helped to build Canadas railroad network1 David Smith worked primarily in iron, exploring its possibilities more fully than any other sculptor before or since. To Smith, iron spoke of the power,
32、mobility, and vigor of the industrial age. Smith was born in Indiana in 1906, the descendant of a nineteenth- century blacksmith. His iron sculptures flowed naturally out of the mechanized heart of America, a landscape of railroads and factories. As a child, Smith played on trains and around factori
33、es, as well as in nature on hills and near creeks. He originally wanted to be a painter, but after seeing photographs of the metal sculpture of Picasso in an art magazine, he began to realize that iron could be handled as directly as paint.2 Many of Smiths sculptures are “totems“ that suggest variat
34、ions on the human figure. They are not large iron dolls, although several have “heads“ or “legs.“ Still, they forcefully convey posture and gesture. Their message flows from the internal relations of the forms and from the impression of tension, spring, and alertness set up by their position in spac
35、e.3 Later in his career, Smith produced two series of sculptures in stainless steel: the Sentinels in the 1950s and the Cubis in the 1960s. He also began placing his sculptures outdoors, in natural light, where the highly reflective stainless steel could bring sunlight and color into the work. In th
36、e late afternoon sun, the steel planes of the Cubis reflect a golden color; at other times, they have a blue cast. The mirror-like steel creates an illusion of depth, which responds better to sunshine than it would to the static lighting of a museum.（分数：4.00）(1).The word vigor in paragraph 1 is clos
37、est in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.historyB.povertyC.lifestyleD.strength(2).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about David Smiths background?（分数：1.00）A.He gained experience while working in a blacksmith factory.B.His childhood exposed him to the uses and possibilities of iron.C.His ear
38、ly sculptures revealed his desire to be a landscape painter.D.He first learned about metals by seeing pictures in a magazin(3).What can be inferred about the Sentinels and the Cubis?（分数：1.00）A.They are the best-known examples of Smiths “totem“ sculptures.B.Smith originally intended to use iron inste
39、ad of stainless steel.C.The Sentinels are made of blue steel, and the Cubis are of gold steel.D.They each consist of a number of pieces placed in outdoor settings.(4).It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about David Smiths works?（分数：1.00）A.H
40、is metal sculptures are more interesting than are those of Picasso.B.His sculptures attempt to portray the proportions of the human body.C.His pieces capture the power of industry and the beauty of natural light.D.His works are best appreciated when viewed all at once in a museum.1 Long ago, people
41、looked up in the sky and noticed groups of stars that looked like pictures. These patterns of stars, constellations, have been part of human culture for thousands of years. Ancient Syrians and Babylonians named many constellations and created stories about them. The Greeks and Romans later adopted t
42、hese constellations and translated their names and stories into their own language. After the decline of these ancient cultures, most knowledge of constellations remained hidden in private libraries. Beginning in the eighth century, scholars rediscovered this knowledge. The study of astronomy spread
43、 quickly throughout the Mediterranean world, becoming part of university study. Astronomers identified many constellations only a few centuries ago. When Western astronomers started traveling to South Africa in the seventeenth century, they found numerous brilliant stars in the Southern sky. They na
44、med some of these Southern constellations after the scientific inventions of the time, such as the Microscope and the Air Pump.2 Todays astronomers view constellations simply as areas of the sky where interesting objects await observation and study. The entire sky is divided into 88 such regions. In
45、 the 1920s, the International Astronomical Union established the boundaries of these regions. In each region, astronomers give Greek letters to a constellations brighter stars, usually in order of brightness. Hence, the “alpha star“ is the brightest star of that constellation. Scientists and ordinar
46、y people still refer to many constellations by their popular names, for example, the Lion, the Hunter, and the Great Bear.（分数：4.00）(1).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1?（分数：1.00）A.Constellations have interested people for a very long time.B.People once believed incorrect storie
47、s about constellations.C.Ancient cultures disagreed about the shapes of constellations.D.Most knowledge of constellations has been lost forever.(2).It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the ancient Greeks and Romans（分数：1.00）A.were the first people to notice patterns of stars in the skyB.built uni
48、versities all over the Mediterranean regionC.hid knowledge of constellations in private librariesD.acquired knowledge of constellations from earlier cultures(3).It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that（分数：1.00）A.there are no constellations in some areas of the skyB.scientists today continue to study
49、 constellationsC.the boundaries of the constellations change every yearD.the International Astronomical Union no longer exists(4).According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is most likely true?（分数：1.00）A.Future scientists will divide the sky into fewer regions.B.There are no more constellations for scientists to discover.C.A constellations alpha star is the one that is easiest to see.D.Few people know the traditional names of constellations.三、Passage 3(总题数：2，分数：10.00)1 The human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance. Both organs involve
