1、托福-练习九及答案解析(总分：38.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United StatesThe development of the modem presidency in the United States began with Andrew Jackson who swept to power in 1829 at the head of the Democratic Party and served until 1837. During his administr
2、ation he immeasurably enlarged the power of the presidency. “The President is the direct representative of the American people,“ he lectured the Senate when it opposed him. “He was elected by the people, and is responsible to them. “ With this declaration, Jackson redefined the character of the pres
3、idential office and its relationship to the people.During Jacksons second term, his opponents had gradually come together to form the Whig party. Whigs and Democrats held different attitudes toward the changes brought about by the market, banks, and commerce. The Democrats tended to view society as
4、a continuing conflict between “the people“ -farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats. This “paper money aristocracy“ of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nations virtue by encouraging speculation and the
5、 desire for sudden, unearned wealth. （分数：13.00）(1).The word “immeasurably“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.frequentlyB.greatlyC.rapidlyD.reportedly(2).According to paragraph 1, the presidency of Andrew Jackson was especially significant for which of the reasons? _（分数：1.00）A.The
6、President granted a portion of his power to the Senate.B.The President began to address the Senate on a regular basis.C.It was the beginning of the modern presidency in the United States.D.It was the first time that the Senate had been known to oppose the President.(3).The author mentions “bankers a
7、nd investors“ in the passage as an example of which of the following? _（分数：1.00）A.The Democratic Partys main source of support.B.The people that Democrats claimed were unfairly becoming rich.C.The people most interested in a return to a simple agrarian republic.D.One of the groups in favor of Andrew
8、 Jacksons presidency.(4).According to paragraph 3, Whigs believed that commerce and eceonomic development would have which of the following effects on society? _（分数：1.00）A.They would promote the advancement of society as a whole.B.They would cause disagreements between Whigs and Democrats.C.They wou
9、ld supply new positions for Whig Party members.D.They would prevent conflict between farmers and workers.(5).According to paragraph 3, which of the following describes the Whig Partys view of the role of government? _（分数：1.00）A.To regulate the continuing conflict between farmers and businesspeople.B
10、.To restrict the changes brought about by the market.C.To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit.D.To reduce the emphasis on economic development.(6).The word “inclination“ in the passage is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.argumentB.tendencyC.exampleD.warning(7).Accordin
11、g to paragraph 4, a Democrat would be most likely to support government action in which of the following areas? _（分数：1.00）A.Creating a state religion.B.Supporting humanitarian legislation.C.Destroying monopolies.D.Recommending particular moral beliefs.(8).The word “concept“ in the passage is closest
12、 in meaning to（分数：1.00）A.powerB.realityC.difficultyD.idea(9).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about variations in political beliefs within the Whig Party? _（分数：1.00）A.They were focused on issues of public liberty.B.They caused some members to leave the Whig party.C.They were u
13、nimportant to most Whigs.D.They reflected regional interests.(10).According to paragraph 6, the Democrats were supported by all of the following groups EXCEPT _.（分数：1.00）A.workers unhappy with the new industrial systemB.planters involved in international tradeC.rising entrepreneursD.individuals seek
14、ing to open the economy to newcomers(11).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：1.00）A.Whigs were able to attract support only in t
15、he wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.B.Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.C.The semi-subsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the
16、 market economy.D.The Democrats power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operatin(12).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief su
17、mmary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage
18、. This question is worth 2 points.The political system of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century was strongly influenced by the social and economic circumstances of the time._Answer Choices A The Democratic and Whig Parties developed in response to the needs of competing economic and politi
19、cal constituencies. B During Andrew Jacksons two terms as President, he served as leader of both the Democratic and Whig Parties. C The Democratic Party primarily represented the interests of the market, banks, and commerce. D In contrast to the Democrats, the Whigs favored government aid for educat
20、ion. E A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of the market in society F The role of government in the lives of the people was an important political distinction between the two parties.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_二、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：12.00)TemperatureThree scales of temper
21、ature, each of which permits a precise measurement, are in concurrent use: the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales. These three different temperature scales were each developed by different people and have come to be used in different situations.The scale that is most widely used by the general p
22、ublic in the United States is the Fahrenheit scale. In 1714, Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German physicist who was living in Holland and operating an instrument business, developed a mercury-in-glass thermometer and the temperature scale that still carries his name. His original scale had two fixed
23、points: 0 was the lowest temperature that he could achieve in a solution of ice, water, and salt, and 96 was what he believed was the normal temperature of the human body (though this was later determined to be 98.6). Based on this scale, he calculated that the freezing point (or ice point) of water
24、 was 32; in later studies, it was determined that the boiling point of water (the steam point) was 212. The Fahrenheit scale came to be accepted as the standard measure of temperature in a number of countries, including Great Britain, and from there it was spread to British colonies throughout the w
25、orld. Today, however, the United States is the only major country in the world that still uses the Fahrenheit scale.The scale that is in use in many other countries is the Celsius scale. Anders Celsius (1701-1744), a Swedish astronomer, developed a thermometer in 1741 that based temperatures on the
26、freezing and boiling temperatures of water. On the thermometer that Celsius developed, however, 0 was used to indicate the boiling temperature of water, and 100 was used to indicate the freezing temperature of water. After his death, the scale was reversed by a friend, the biologist Carl yon Linne(1
27、707-1748), who achieved acclaim for his development of the Linnean classification system for plants and animals. On the new scale after the reversal by yon Linne, 0 indicated the freezing temperature of water, and 100 indicated the boiling temperature of water. At around the same time that Celsius a
28、nd yon Linne were working on their thermometer in Sweden, a similar thermometer was being developed in France. After the French Revolution, the scale developed in France was adopted as part of the metric system in that country under the name centigrade, which means “a hundred units“ and from there i
29、t spread worldwide. In 1948, an international agreement was made to rename the centigrade scale the Celsius scale in honor of the scientist who was first known to use a 100-degree scale, though it should be remembered that the scale that Celsius actually used himself was the reverse of todays scale.
30、 （分数：12.00）(1).Which of the following is NOT true about the Celsius scale, according to the passage? _（分数：1.00）A.It was developed by an astronomer from Sweden.B.It came into use in the eighteenth century.C.One hundred degrees separated the freezing and boiling temperatures of water on it.D.On it, 0
31、indicated the temperature at which water freezes.(2).The word “fixed“ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.orderedB.repairedC.establishedD.attache(3).What is stated in the passage about the temperature scale developed by Fahrenheit? _（分数：1.00）A.On it, 0 was the freezing point of wate
32、r.B.It was based on the lowest and highest temperatures that he could achieve with a mixture of salt and water.C.On it, 100 was the boiling point of water.D.It was based on an inaccurate understanding of the normal temperature of the human body.(4).The word “it“ in paragraph 2 refers to _.（分数：1.00）A
33、.the Fahrenheit scaleB.temperatureC.a number of countriesD.the world(5).The author refers to “many other countries“ in paragraph 3 in order to _.（分数：1.00）A.introduce a discussion of the areas of the world where the Celsius scale is usedB.argue for the need for a standard measure of temperature throu
34、ghout the worldC.provide an example that demonstrates the effectiveness of the Celsius scaleD.relate the widespread use of the Celsius scale to the previously mentioned limited use of the Fahrenheit scale(6).The word “reversed“ in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _.（分数：1.00）A.brought inB.turned
35、aroundC.thought upD.sent back(7).The word “adopted“ in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by _.（分数：1.00）A.taken onB.brought upC.looked uponD.turned down(8).Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? _（分数：1.00）A.The discovery of the ce
36、ntigrade scale in 1948 brought honor to the scientist who discovered it.B.After an international organization decided to use the centigrade scale in 1948, Celsius reversed the numbers on the scale.C.In 1948, nations agreed to name the centigrade scale after the man who developed an earlier version o
37、f the scale.D.In 1948, Celsius honored the scientist who was first known to use an 100-degree scale by naming it the centigrade scal(9).Look at the four squares, , , and （分数：1.00）A.Square .B.Square .C.Square .D.Square .(10).A hypothetical temperature in paragraph 4 is one that _.（分数：1.00）A.is assume
38、d to existB.has been found to be falseC.is known to be impossibleD.has been proved through experiments(11).It can be inferred from the passage that a temperature of 50 centigrade would be equal to _.（分数：1.00）A.223 on the Kelvin scaleB.273 on the Kelvin scaleC.323 on the Kelvin scaleD.373 on the Kelv
39、in scale(12).Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the temperature scales to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. The question is worth 3 points.Fahrenheit scale_Modern Celsius scale_Kelvin Scale_Answer Choices A Water freeze
40、s at 0 and boils at 100. B Water freezes at 273 and boils at 373. C Water freezes at 100 and boils at 0. D Water freezes at 32 and boils at 212. E 0 is the temperature at which saltwater boils. F 0 is equal to the freezing temperature of water. G 0 was what was believed to be the lowest possible tem
41、perature of a solution of saltwater and ice.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：13.00)Migration from AsiaThe Asian migration hypothesis is today supported by most of the scientific evidence. The first “hard“ data linking American Indians with Asians appeared in the 1980s with the finding that India
42、ns and northeast Asians share a common and distinctive pattern in the arrangement of the teeth. But perhaps the most compelling support for the hypothesis comes from genetic research. Studies comparing the DNA variation of populations- around the world consistently demonstrate the close genetic rela
43、tionship of the two populations, and recently geneticists studying a virus sequestered in the kidneys of all humans found that the strain of virus carried by Navajos and Japanese is nearly identical, while that carried by Europeans and Africans is quite different.The migration could have begun over
44、a land bridge connecting the continents. During the last Ice Age 70,000 to 10,000 years ago, huge glaciers locked up massive volumes of water and sea levels were as much as 300 feet lower than today. Asia and North America were joined by a huge subcontinent of ice-free, treeless grassland,750 miles
45、wide. Geologists have named this area Beringia, from the Bering Straits. Summers there were warm, winters were cold, dry and almost snow-free. This was a perfect environment for large mammals-mammoth and mastodon, bison, horse, reindeer, camel, and saiga (a goatlike antelope). Small bands of Stone A
46、ge hunter-gatherers were attracted by these animal populations, which provided them not only with food but with hides for clothing and shelter, dung for fuel, and bones for tools and weapons. Accompanied by a husky-like species of dog, hunting bands gradually moved as far east as the Yukon River bas
47、in of northern Canada, where field excavations have uncovered the fossilized jawbones of several dogs and bone tools estimated to be about 27,000 years old.Other evidence suggests that the migration from Asia began about 30,000 years ago-around the same time that Japan and Scandinavia were being set
48、tled. This evidence is based on blood type. The vast majority of modern native Americans have type O blood and a few have type A, but almost none have type B. Because modern Asian populations include all three blood types, however, the migrations must have begun before the evolution of type B, which
49、 geneticists believe occurred about 30,000 years ago.By 25,000 years ago human communities were established in western Beringia, which is present-day Alask a. But access to the south was blocked by a huge glacial sheet covering much of what is today Canada. How did the hunters get over those 2,000 miles of deep ice? The argument
