1、托福-49 及答案解析(总分：121.43，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSet 1/B(总题数：2，分数：11.00)Cultural Shock“Culture shock“ might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is Uprecipitated/U by t
2、he anxiety that results from losing all our signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life; when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to make purc
3、hases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be, a se
4、ries of props has been knocked out from under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety. People react to the frustration in much the same way. First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.“ When foreign
5、ers in a strange land get together to Ugrouse/U about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally
6、glorified. All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them. A. Although not common, there are individuals who cann
7、ot live in foreign countries. B. During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new. C. They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners. D. This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months, dep
8、ending on circumstances. If one is very important, he or she will be brought to visit the show places, will be pampered and petted, and in a press interview will speak glowingly about goodwill and international friendship. But this mentality does not normally last if the foreign visitor remains abro
9、ad and needs to seriously cope with real conditions of life. It is then that the second stage begins, characterized by a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country. This hostility evidently grows out of the genuine difficulty which the visitor experiences in the process of adjustment. T
10、here are house troubles, transportation troubles, shopping troubles, and the fact that people in the host country are largely indifferent to all these troubles. They help, but they dont understand your great concern over these difficulties. Therefore, they must be insensitive and unsympathetic to yo
11、u and your worries. The result, “I just dont like them.“ You become aggressive, you band together with others from your country and criticize the host country, its ways, and its people. But this criticism is not an objective appraisal. You take refuge in the colony of others from your country which
12、often becomes the fountainhead of emotionally charged labels known as stereotypes. This is a peculiar kind of offensive shorthand which Ucaricatures/U the host country and its people in a negative manner. The “dollar grasping American“ and the “indolent Latin American“ are samples of mild forms of s
13、tereotypes. The second stage of culture shock is, in a sense, a crisis in the disease. If you come out of it, you leave before you reach the stage of a nervous breakdown. If visitors succeed in acquiring some knowledge of the language and begin to get around by themselves, they are beginning to open
14、 the way into the new cultural environment. Visitors still have difficulties but they take a “this is my problem and I have to bear it“ attitude. Usually in this stage visitors take a superior attitude to people of the host country. Their sense of humor begins to exert itself. Instead of criticizing
15、, they joke about the people and even crack jokes about their own difficulties. They are now on the way to recovery.（分数：5.50）(1).The word Uprecipitated/U in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _. A. protected B. detected C. treated D. caused（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, what should
16、 people do while visiting a foreign culture? A. To avoid culture shock. B. To joke about culture shock. C. To enjoy culture shock. D. To adjust to culture shock.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The signs or cues of culture shock given by the author involve all of the following EXCEPT _. A. when and how to give
17、tips B. when to take statements seriously and when not C. how to treat sick and injured people D. how to go shopping and make purchases（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word Ugrouse/U in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _. A. talk B. complain C. speak D. tell（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the passage,
18、 when one is in the second stage of culture shock, one _. A. is polite and gracious to foreigners B. makes jokes about the host culture C. finds the native people unsympathetic D. enjoys the customs of the host culture（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).According to the passage, people in the host country are thou
19、ght to be largely indifferent to visitors troubles, because _. A. they are insensitive and unsympathetic B. they are not fond of visitors C. they do not mind others business D. they consider the troubles not serious（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).According to the passage, what is the best way to cure him or he
20、r when one is experiencing a nervous breakdown because of culture shock? A. Referring him to see a good doctor. B. Asking him to live with native people. C. Sending him back to his home culture. D. Letting him stay with people from his home culture.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).The word Ucaricature/U in Para
21、graph 6 is closest in meaning to A. draw B. mimic C. play D. recite（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).Which of the following can be inferred from the third stage of culture shock about visitors activity? A. Visitors begin to learn some native language. B. Visitors begin to get around with people. C. Visitors begi
22、n to replace aggression with humor. D. Visitors begin to take a superior attitude.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? A. Culture shock can never be cured. B. Culture shock can be cured. C. Culture shock can be avoided. D. Culture shock is a physical ailment
23、.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, those who have seen people go through culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.Where would the sentence best fit? A. Square . B.
24、 Square . C. Square . D. Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.Airline AlliancesCooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over whats going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, red
25、uced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion is, there are no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is Uunrelenting/U, with each of the two mega-groupings.
26、Oneworld and Star Alliance promote themselves as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Lets just say the timin
27、g is mutually convenient. North American Airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the regionthe wide economic downturn that began two years ago just when some of the airl
28、ines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharingthe practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircra
29、ft.So alliances are terrific for airlinesbut are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme. benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there is the promise of “seamless“ travel: the ability
30、 to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds Utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacifics Director of Sales and Marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. “The key to
31、 seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We are working on this.“ Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for customers: “Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries.“ Ma claims alliances
32、 also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much Utouted/U benefits to the customer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Consumer Reports Senior Ed
33、itor Jeff Blyskal says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. “I dont see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing Ugimmick/U. Most airlines can not even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline. “Blyskal belie
34、ves alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, pass
35、engers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel Utopia presented by the players, and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler you are.Those whove alr
36、eady made the Uelite/U grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joints an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you are a Marco Polo Club “gold“ member of Cathay Pacifics Asia Miles FFP, you will aut
37、omatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member.For those who havent made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airlines Mileage Plus and gene
38、rally fly less than 25000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance memberAll Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. A. if you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. B. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an allianc
39、e is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. C. The bottom lines for all the marketing hype, alliances arent all things to all peoplebut everybody can get some benefit out of them. D. （分数：5.50）(1).According to the passage, which is the best word to describe air travelers reaction to airline alliances?
40、A. Delighted. B. Indifferent. C. Objective. D. Varied.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word Uunrelenting/U in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _. A. continuous B. unrepeatable C. merciless D. spiteful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit _. A. N
41、orth American airlines and their domestic travelers B. North American airlines and their foreign counterparts C. Asian airlines and their foreign travelers D. Asian airlines and their domestic travelers（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).The word Utouted/U in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _. A. praised B. p
42、eddled C. criticized D. exaggerated（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances? A. Baggage allowance. B. Passenger comfort. C. Convenience. D. Quality.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The word Ugimmick/U in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _. A. trick B. strategy C.
43、 conspiracy D. plot（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).According to the passage, with reference to the disadvantage of alliances inferred by the critics, what is the possible cause of expensive air travel? A. Less convenience. B. Ligher operation costs. C. Less competition. D. More joint marketing.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D
44、.(8).The word Uelite/U in Paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to _. A. clever B. rich C. stubborn D. powerful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).The word it in the first sentence of Paragraph 7 refers to _. A. a major airline B. the elite grade C. the FFP D. the FFP of a major airline（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).According
45、to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances? A. Travelers who fly economy class frequently. B. Travelers who fly business class frequently. C. Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays. D. Travelers who fly economy class once in a while.
46、（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway.Where would the sentence best fit? A. Square . B. Square . C. Square . D.
47、 Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.三、BSet 2/B(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Family MattersThis month, Wyoming passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support ones parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Government.UThat/U does not mean it hasnt generated d
48、iscussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will Usubvert/U relations within the family, cynics dubbed it the “Sue Your Son“ law.Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where f
