1、托福-48 及答案解析(总分：136.56，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BREADING/B(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、BSet 1/B(总题数：2，分数：15.00)Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of mass wasting to which they refer. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer Choices AOc
2、cur when a mass of rock moves downslope as a unit BInvolve the mass movement of soil containing a large amount of water CMay have the consistency of wet concrete or soup DOccur where sloping rock layers have cracks parallel to the slope EOccur when a layer of snow breaks loose and moves rapidly down
3、slope FInclude the transportation of organic materials by wind and water GFloat on a thin layer of air as they move rapidly down a mountain HMove slowly but with enough force to carry away trees and houses IOccur on slopes where layers of volcanic debris become extremely wet（分数：2.00）(1).Rockslides_
4、_ _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).Mudflows _ _ _ _（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_Energy from Natural Gas1. Much of the world gets its energy from fossil fuel sources, including coal, oil, and natural gas, all of which were created millions of years ago.The process began with dead plant and animal matter that collected and ov
5、er time was buried deep within the earth. There, exposed to extreme pressure and temperatures, the carbon-based material underwent various chemical and physical changes. Some of it became coal, some oil, and some natural gas, depending on the exact conditions it was subjected to.2. Natural gas is bo
6、th invisible and odorless. During the first century of the fossil fuel era, it was disregarded as a worthless byproduct of coal and oil. However, people later discovered that it could also be a useful source of energy, and they set about trying to Urealize its potential./U Its use began to grow in t
7、he twentieth century and has increased rapidly within the last 40 years. Nowadays, natural gas is employed all over the world to heat homes, generate electricity, power factories, and even fuel vehicles.3. Because it was created through the same process as other fossil fuels, natural gas can often b
8、e retrieved from oil fields, something known as an associated source. Coal beds have similarly been known to yield natural gas. In addition, there are isolated deposits containing only gas that are referred to as non-associated sources. To access a subterranean natural gas pocket, a hole is drilled
9、down into it, just as in oil extraction. However, due to the gass lightness, it will rise to the surface on its own instead of having to be pumped out.4. The compound we know as natural gas is actually a Ucomposite/U of several different substances, the primary one being methane gas. Each deposit ha
10、s a unique makeup, but other common components of natural gas include propane, butane, and sulfur. Borrowing terms used in the description of oil, natural gas with a high sulfur content is called “sour“ while that with a low content is referred to as “sweet“ Regardless of the exact composition, natu
11、ral gas must be refined to remove its impurities; when ready for use, it is nearly pure methane.5. Natural gas offers many advantages as a fuel source, the first and most important being that it is extremely clean burning. While oil and coal both have complex molecular structures, methanes is simple
12、: one carbon atom surrounded by four atoms of hydrogen. The lack of excess particles translates into fewer waste byproducts during combustion. For example, all fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned, but natural gas releases substantially less carbon dioxide than other fuels. Given the majo
13、r role of carbon dioxide in the acceleration of global warming, Uthis/U is an important attribute. In addition, natural gas emits far less nitrogen and sulfur, which are key contributors to the smog that pollutes the air in metropolitan areas, as well as acid rain.6. The benefits of natural gas exte
14、nd far beyond its cleanliness. Since it contains fewer waste particles, its energy can be acquired with much more efficiency than that of the other fossil fuels, meaning a lower overall cost for the consumer. Another advantage is that natural gas is transported via underground pipelines instead of b
15、y ships and trucks. Finally, natural gas is relatively plentiful and widespread. Geologists have identified extensive stores in Canada, the United States, Russia, the Middle East, and Australia, among other locations. （分数：13.00）(1).According to Paragraph 1, the oil, coal, and natural gas that exist
16、today A. remain mostly hidden. B. share similar origins. C. are found deep underground. D. can be hard to tell apart.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The phrase realize its potential in the passage is closest in meaning to A. recognize its success. B. exploit it. C. measure its capacity. D. manufacture it.（分数：1
17、.00）A.B.C.D.(3).In Paragraph 2, the author explains that natural gas use A. was delayed due to a lack of technology. B. has only recently become widespread. C. began late in the nineteenth century. D. has surpassed that of the other fossil fuels.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What can be inferred from Paragra
18、ph 3 about the extraction of natural gas? A. It mainly occurs during the extraction of coal. B. There is the potential for large amounts of gas to be lost. C. It is a simpler process than the extraction of oil. D. Non-associated sources are preferred.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The word composite in the pa
19、ssage is closest in meaning to A. mixture. B. foundation. C. derivative. D. simulation.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).According to Paragraph 4, what can be inferred about “sweet“ natural gas? A. It is more valuable than pure methane gas. B. It contains more sulfur than “sour“ natural gas. C. It has high conce
20、ntrations of propane and butane. D. It requires less refining than “sour“ natural gas.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).Why does the author discuss carbon dioxides relationship to global warming in Paragraph 5? A. To illustrate methanes molecular structure. B. To show the link between global warming and smog. C.
21、 To suggest that fossil fuels should not be burned. D. To elaborate on a benefit of natural gass cleanliness.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).The word this in the passage refers to A. oil and coal both have complex molecular structures. B. all fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned. C. natural gas rele
22、ases substantially less carbon dioxide than other fuels. D. natural gas emits far less nitrogen and sulfur.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).The word emits in the passage is closest in meaning to A. displays. B. gives off. C. affects. D. breaks down.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).According to Paragraph 7, one danger of u
23、sing natural gas is that A. there is no way to monitor its transfer across oceans. B. its accidental release is hard to notice. C. it is hazardous when mixed with coal or oil. D. large amounts of it must be stored in a single container.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(11).Which of the following statements most acc
24、urately reflects the authors opinion about natural gas? A. It represents a preferable alternative to other fossil fuel resources. B. Its use in the production of energy carries high costs. C. Its drawbacks will be overcome by technology in the future. D. It should completely replace oil and coal as
25、the worlds energy source.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Not only does this ensure its protection from severe weather events and other unpredictable hazards, but it also reduces the amount of energy required to m
26、ove it from place to place.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. A. Square . B. Square . C. Square . D. Square .（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(13).Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by s
27、electing the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Originally, natural gas was not cons
28、idered a useful commodity and it has only become a major source of energy in the last century._Answer ChoicesA. Natural gas differs from other fossil fuels in that it is not found in underground deposits.B. Natural gas is extracted from both associated and non-associated sources, and there are many
29、different varieties.C. Some deposits of natural gas contain high concentrations of impurities such as sulfur and cannot be used commercially.D. Because it burns cleaner than coal and oil, natural gas is much less damaging for the environment.E. One of the main drawbacks in the use of natural gas is
30、that it cannot be piped across oceans.F. Natural gas is an appealing alternative to other fossil fuels because it is cheaper, more easily transported, and more abundant.（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_三、BSet 2/B(总题数：2，分数：11.50)BJob Satisfaction and Personnel Mobility/BEurope, and indeed all the major industrialized
31、 nations, is currently going through a recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, asso
32、ciated with the employment and recruitment market in general.During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated redundancy fights. Furthermore, they will be unwelling to go to
33、 a new organization where they may well be joining on a “last in, first out“ basis. Consequently, even if there is little or no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation
34、has been aggravated by the length and nature of the recession-as may also prove to be the case in the rest of Europe and beyond.In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one compan
35、y is no longer available, owing to downsizing“ of companies, structural reorganizations and redundancy programmes, all of which have affected middle management as much asthe lower levels. This reducetion in the layers of management has led to flatter hierarchies, which, in turn, has reduced promotio
36、n prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious personnel had become used to regular promotion, they now find their progress is blocked.This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on, it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through care
37、er moves between companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, sceptical of what is on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly from education feel
38、 the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life.In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. Moreover, management itself has contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has gone and the fear of redundancy is of
39、ten used as the prime motivator.As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence, there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed youn
40、g graduates. “Headhunters“ confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good companies “go to the wall“, and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very rapid.The pro
41、blem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing who will leave and who will stay. Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst cling to the little security they have. Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon in Britain,
42、most employers are simply not prepared. With the loss of middle management, in a static marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior personnel. （分数：5.50）(1).The word implication in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to A. consequence. B. significance. C. recession.
43、D. association.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word bound in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to A. necessary. B. possible. C. very likely. D. quick.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to paragraph 2, many staff are not leaving their jobs because they A. will lose their redundancy rights. B. would join a new c
44、ompany on a “last in, first out“ basis. C. are waiting for the economy to pick up. D. are dissatisfied with their current position.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meani
45、ng in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The economic recession has forced the companies to reduce the number of staff of all levels and to reorganize their structures. B. The staff will find no opportunity to be promoted owing to the structural reorganizations and redundancy prog
46、rammes. C. The “downsizing“ of companies will bring about more job dissatisfaction among the staff of all levels. D. The staff can no longer get lifetime position and the “downsizing“ of companies has affected all levels of personnel.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).According to paragraph 3, in stating that the
47、 reduction in the layers of management has brought about flatter hierarchies, the author means that the structure of companies will become A. more flexible. B. more complicated. C. simpler. D. more dynamic.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the ambitio
48、us personnel? A. They have to look elsewhere for promotion. B. They will stay and wait for things to improve. C. They will be replaced by bright young graduates. D. They will gradually get used to the new environment.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).Compared to the old staff, new graduates are A. more likely to be promoted. B. better educated and more qualified for their works. C. brighter and more highly motivated. D. more skeptical and less trusting.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).They word This in paragraph 6 refers to the A. sharp in
