1、托福-16 及答案解析(总分：135.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Global DevelopmentsSociologists tell us there is a link between private lives and social forces. An outstanding example of such a link is the contrast in life chances between people in developed and in less developed coun
2、tries. A child born in, say, the United States or Switzerland is not a better or more deserving person than one born in Ethiopia or Brazil. Yet because of social forces beyond individual control, each child faces the prospect of living out a lifetime under utterly different material conditions. Why
3、should this be? What can account for the fact that some societies have become heavily industrialized and economically advanced, while others are changing so much more slowly? Social scientists have offered two different explanations. One emphasizes a universal but uneven process of modernization and
4、 economic growth; the other focuses on a worldwide system of political and economic inequality. Some social scientists view development in terms of modernization, a process of economic, social and cultural change that facilitates the transition from pre-industrial to industrial society. Modernizatio
5、n theorists claim that the various countries of the world are converging on a basically similar social type, the modern industrialized society. Some 250 years ago, the developed countries of today also had rudimentary, pre-industrial economies, but because they modernized relatively quickly, they no
6、w have productive economies that offer high living standards. During the same period, however, the poor countries have been slow to modernize. Differences in development, therefore, are largely the result of uneven modernization; but as “modern“ features spread from the developed to the less develop
7、ed countries, they too will follow the path to industrialization and affluence. What kinds of change does modernization entail? Some modernization theorists emphasize a change in individual psychology. They claim that people in the developed societies are more likely to have a work ethic, a desire f
8、or achievement, a willingness to defer gratification, a sense of control over their destiny, a strong sense of individualism. In contrast, a lack of ambition, an orientation toward the present, a fatalistic outlook, and a weak sense of individualism are said to be typical of people in more tradition
9、al societies.A. Other modernization theorists emphasize sweeping structural changes in society.B. Traditional societies are more likely to have an extended family system, in which kinship obligations encourage people to remain, physically and socially, where they started. C. Similarly, modernization
10、 involves such features as heavy urbanization, extensive schooling, advanced technology, low population growth, a legal-rational political system, and a range of sophisticated services such as efficient transport, banking and communications.D. On the whole, these features are lacking or inadequate i
11、n less developed countries, where government is usually authoritarian, the population is predominately rural and ill educated, and the necessary services are not in place. Other social scientists view development in the context of the world system, a network of unequal economical and political relat
12、ionships among the developed and the less developed countries. This international system consists of a “core“ of highly industrialized countries, and a “periphery“ of less developed countries that are dependent on and exploited by those at the core. World-system theorists point out that the peoples
13、of the third world were quite capable of providing for themselves before “modern“ ideas and technologies began to “diffuse“ from the colonial powers. In fact, they claim, development and underdevelopment proceeded simultaneously over a period of more than two centuries as the richer countries financ
14、ed their own industrial expansion by draining the surplus resources of the poorer ones. The colonial system finally broke down when the last of the colonies won their formal independence around the middle of the twentieth century. But by then a new international relationship had been established: ne
15、ocolonialism, the informal political and economic domination of some societies by others, such that the former are able to exploit the labor and resources of the latter for their own purposes. In essence, the world system is a form of international stratification, with a wealthy minority enjoying a
16、disproportionate share of the planets resources and using various meanspolitical, economic, and sometimes militaryto maintain their position.（分数：6.00）(1).The word rudimentary in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to_. A. basic B. affluent C. enormous D. adequate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The word entail in
17、 Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to_. A. consist B. exploit C. obtain D. involve（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the passage, all of the following statements about the process of modernization are true EXCEPT that_. A. people in developed countries are able to control their destiny B. people in d
18、eveloped countries have a strong sense of individualism C. people in developed countries have little ambition D. people in developed countries are eager to make achievements（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Paragraph 3, modernization has all of the following features EXCEPT_. A. heavy urbanization B
19、. advanced technology C. high population growth D. a legal-rational political system（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).In Paragraph 3, the author mentions an extended family system in order to illustrate that_. A. modernization results in wide-ranging structural changes in society B. modernization leads to a chan
20、ge in individual psychology C. modernization involves heavy urbanization and extensive schooling D. modernization has side effects on less developed countries（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the authors opinion about the process of modernization? A. Cou
21、ntries do not develop in isolation, but in a context of fierce international, political, and economic competition. B. Modernization in the third world may still be impeded by the legacy of colonial dependency. C. People in less developed countries are more likely to adopt an extended family system.
22、D. A countrys economic, social and cultural changes will speed up its process from a pre-industrial to industrial society.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).Based on the information in Paragraph 4, which of the following best explains neocolonialism? A. Its a period when the economies of third world countries wer
23、e diversified and self-sufficient. B. Its a period when a large part of the population of less developed countries was forced to abandon traditional economic activities. C. Its a new form of colonialism after the collapse of traditional colonialism when developed countries exploit less developed cou
24、ntries. D. Its a period when less developed countries begin to enjoy their equal share of the planets resources with developed countries.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).According to the world-system model, what can be inferred about less developed countries? A. Less developed countries have a strong dependence
25、 on developed ones. B. Despite the ending of colonialism, the poor circumstances of less developed countries still exist and will last for a long time. C. Less developed countries can now benefit from the world economy along with developed ones. D. People in less developed countries are quite able t
26、o support themselves without dependence on developed ones.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).The phrase the former in Paragraph 4 refers to_. A. the colonial system B. the richer countries C. labor and resources D. the poorer countries（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential
27、 information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The international system demonstrates an unequal economic and political relationship between developed and less developed countries with the less dev
28、eloped countries being the center of this system. B. Highly industrialized countries are at the center of the world system, and take advantage of less developed countries positioned on the margin of the system. C. The international system is made up of developed and less developed countries with the
29、 developed countries being the center of the system playing a very important role. D. The international system is made up of both highly industrialized and less developed countries in which the less developed countries can benefit from the developed countries.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four s
30、quares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Developed countries, for example, invariably have a nuclear family system, which facilitates social and geographical mobility. Where would the sentence best fit? A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.
31、C.D.(12).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate features from the answer choices and match them to the kind of model to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. The modernization model The world syst
32、em model Answer Choices A. The economy undergoes universal but uneven growth. B. The less developed countries experience political and economical inequality.C. The developed countries use various means to exploit the less developed countries. D. After the collapse of the colonial system, the less de
33、veloped countries take advantage of the labor and resources of the developed countries. E. Industrialization means that people in the rich and poor countries have the same opinions about different aspects of life. F. The less developed countries will eventually progress towards industrialization. G.
34、 The less developed countries are kept in a situation of permanent dependence on the developed countries.（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：1，分数：6.50)Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River School encompasses two generations of painters inspired by Thomas Coles awesomely Romantic images of Americas wilderness in the
35、 Hudson River Valley and also in the newly opened West. The Hudson River painters, the first coherent school of American art, helped to shape the themes of the American landscape. Beginning with the works of Thomas Cole (18011848) and Asher B. Durand (17961886) and evolving into the Luminist and lat
36、e Romantic schools, landscape painting was the prevalent genre of 19th century American art. With roots in European Romanticism and with correspondences to European painters, the Hudson River painters, nonetheless, set about to heed Emersons call “to ignore the courtly Muses of Europe“ and define a
37、distinct vision for American art. The artists translated these ideas into an aesthetic that was sweeping and spontaneous. Like the vast nation that lay before them, which they celebrated with a sense of awe for its majestic natural resources and a feeling of optimism for the huge potential it held,
38、the Hudson River painters depicted a New World wilderness in which man, though minuscule as he was beside the vastness of creation, nevertheless retained that divine spark that completed the circle of harmony. Wilderness was something that Europe no longer possessed it was uniquely American. These a
39、rtists painted grandiose and detailed scenery of the Hudson Valley and New England filled with awe and optimism often combined with a moral message. As Thomas Cole maintained, if nature were untouched by the hand of manas was much of the primeval American landscape in the early 19th centurythen man
40、could become more easily acquainted with the hand of God. Sharing the philosophy of the American Transcendentalists that painting should become a vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind, the Hudson River painters believed art to be an agent of moral and spiritual tra
41、nsformation. The impetus to celebrate the glories of the Hudson Valley began before Thomas Cole, but it was Cole with his literary and dramatic instincts and his years of European study who made the most coherent and articulated case for a new art for a new land. He did much to revolutionize not onl
42、y the styles and themes of American painting, but the methods. Cole sketched from nature, frequently dramatic scenes in the Catskills or White Mountains, and then returned to his studio to compose his large scale canvasses, alive with tactile brushwork and atmospheric lighting that seemed to breathe
43、. The influence of the Hudson River School was carried into the mid-19th century by artists like John Frederick Kensett and Martin Johnson Heade, who came to be known as Luminists because of their experiments with the effects of light on water and sky, and by Frederic Edwin Church. Church, who based
44、 himself in his panoramic home in the Catskills at Olana, sought more extensive horizons for his canvasses. Like Walt Whitman he tried to contain multitudes. He traveled the globe, painting scenery from the Hudson Valley to the American West to the Andes, Amazon, and Arctic, and he laid the foundati
45、on for the post-Civil War generation of landscape painters. A painting which has become a virtual emblem for the Hudson River School is KINDRED SPIRITS by Asher B. Durand, which hangs in New York Citys Public Library. In it Durand depicts himself, together with Cole, on a rocky promontory in serene
46、contemplation of the scene before them; the gorge with its running stream, the gossamer Catskill mists shimmering in a palette of subtle colors, framed by foliage.A. In the foreground stands one of the schools famous symbolsa broken tree stumpwhat Cole called a “memento mori“ or reminder that life i
47、s fragile and impermanent;B. only Nature and the Divine within the Human Soul are eternal.C. As Cole and Durand firmly believed, if the American landscape was a new Garden of Eden, then it was they, as artists, who kept the keys of entry.D. （分数：6.50）(1).The word encompasses in Paragraph 1 is closest
48、 in meaning to_. A. separates B. includes C. replaces D. enhances（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).In the 19th century, what was considered the most representative kind of American painting? A. Figure painting. B. Landscape painting. C. Impressionistic painting. D. Historical painting.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The wo
49、rd it in Paragraph 2 refers to_. A. the nation B. the artist C. awe D. optimism（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, what is unique to the paintings of the Hudson River School? A. The description of Americas uncultivated landscape. B. The use of special techniques in painting. C. The special materials used by the artists. D.The moral message implied in the paintings.（分数：0.50）
