1、托福-15 (1)及答案解析(总分：135.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Set 1(总题数：1，分数：6.00)ArcheologyArcheology, the branch of anthropology that is devoted to the study of the human past, often focuses on the period before people began to keep written records. Archeologists study the origin, spread, and evol
2、ution of culture by examining the remains of past societies. They share the task of other kinds of anthropologists in that they are trying to understand human behavior. The difference is that their materials are generally the unwritten records of past societies. They cannot sit down with living memb
3、ers of those societies and talk about what they have found. They cannot even observe living people, but must interpret the material evidence left by people long dead. Many archeologists distinguish between prehistoric archeology, which is the study of extinct cultures that left no written records, a
4、nd historic archeology, which is the investigation of those groups for whom there are written materials to accompany the archeological evidence. What, then, can archeology contribute to our understanding of human culture and social behavior? First, we can learn much about the technology of early peo
5、ples through their material remains, as well as through analysis of such aspects of their life style as what they ate. We can tell, for example, whether a particular group lived mainly by hunting or fishing or by farming. A second aspect of the life of early peoples that is revealed to us through ar
6、cheology is their economic practices. For example, sometimes we find pottery or jewelry made from materials that are known to have been available only in distant places. This usually means that these items were not made at the site but were obtained through some other meanseither by traveling to the
7、 place where they are available or by trading with other groups. If we put together a picture of the distribution of such items over time, we can get an idea of the interactions among neighboring groups, and this in turn gives us clues about other aspects of culture that might have been borrowed or
8、traded as well. Less evident than economics or technology, but still recognizable, is the political and social structure of past cultures. We can assume a great deal about the way a city was organized from the layout of the buildings and the types of housing found there. For example, if we find a la
9、rge temple in the center of an ancient city and it is surrounded by fairly large dwelling sites, while the buildings on the outskirts of the settlement are smaller, we know that there were probably at least two classes of people and that the temple was at the center of the city not only in a physica
10、l sense but socially as well. Finally, archeological evidence can reveal a great deal about certain aspects of the religious and spiritual life of ancient societies. A. When we are fortunate enough to find temples or other religious structures, we can determine their importance and their influence o
11、n the society.B. But in other areas, it is very hard to interpret the evidence.C. Thus we know little about ancient peoples belief systems, or their values and morals, their feelings about spirits, and so forth.D. Even when we find material objects that might suggest such beliefs, we cannot ask anyo
12、ne to explain their meaning but must go on what we know about other aspects of that society and later societies that seem to be similar to it. In sum, archeology gives us a chance to look into the past of the human species. But it is like doing a jigsaw puzzle with most of the pieces missing, and wi
13、thout a picture of the finished puzzle on the box to work from. We have a few things that fit together: we can guess about many others; but we really dont have enough to put it all together with complete confidence. Every new piece we find fits somewhere, though, and we never know when the next piec
14、e will give us the key to a whole new section of the puzzle of life in prehistoric times. That is the challenge and the excitement of archeology.（分数：6.00）(1).The word extinct in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. still living B. very strange C. no longer existing D. extremely dangerous（分数：0.5
15、0）A.B.C.D.(2).The word their in Paragraph 1 refers to A. archeologists B. human beings C. anthropologists D. past societies（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).According to Paragraph 1, which of the following statements about archeology and other branches of anthropology is true? A. Archeology and other branches of
16、 anthropology are totally different. B. Archeology is more closely related to human behavior research. C. Their difference mainly lies in their different research materials. D. They have the same research areas about human behavior.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).We can benefit from archeological research in a
17、ll the following ways EXCEPT that_. A. archeology can tell us what religion early peoples believed in B. we can know some aspects of primitive peoples technology C. archeology can show us the exchanges between different groups D. archeology can help us know the social structure of past societies（分数：
18、0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).If we find materials available only in faraway places, it can be inferred that A. these materials were very popular at that time and sold in many places B. these materials were very easy to produce and were made locally C. people in this place were hunting tribes and traveled to dis
19、tant places D. these materials were probably got by the means of traveling or trading（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).The word layout in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. act B. arrangement C. material D. appearance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The author mentioned building and housing in Paragraph 4 in order to_.
20、 A. show that early peoples mastered the technology of building houses B. tell us that primitive peoples had religious belief at a very early time C. show that archeology can explain social aspects of past cultures D. explain how archeology can benefit from todays architecture research（分数：0.50）A.B.C
21、.D.(8).The word reveal in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_. A. determine B. interpret C. define D. expose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).According to Paragraph 5, if we find some evidence of religious aspects of ancient societies,_. A. the evidence can help us know the beliefs of past societies B. it will
22、 still be fairly difficult for us to understand the evidence C. we will be able to interpret the values and morals of early people D. we can explain beliefs with the help of some material objects（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).Why does the author compare archeology to doing a jigsaw puzzle? A. To indicate wha
23、t archeology contributes to us. B. To show how difficult doing archeology is. C. To explain the challenge and charm of archeology. D. To display how people do archeology research.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
24、We can recognize sacred objects by their location in centers of religious activity or in burial sites. Where would the sentence best fit? A. Square .B. Square .C. Square .D. Square .（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases below. Select the appropriate phrases fro
25、m the answer choices and match them to the aspect of archeology to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.Archeologys contributions Archeologys limits Answer ChoicesA. Failing to observe living people. B. Finding the lifestyle of early peoples.
26、 C. Discovering the economic practices of ancient societies. D. Having no written records. E. Understanding the spiritual life of past societies. F. Resembling the mystery of a jigsaw puzzle. G. Interpreting material evidence. H. Understanding the political and social structure. I. Contributing to a
27、rchitecture.（分数：0.50）_三、Set 2(总题数：1，分数：6.50)Patents and lnventionsWhen an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: first, he can give the invention to the world by publishing it; keep the idea secret or patent it. Secrecy obviously evaporates once the inventi
28、on is sold or used, and there is always the risk that in the meantime another inventor, working quite independently will make and patent the same discovery. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, whereby, in return for a limited period of monopoly (16 y
29、ears in the UK), the inventor publishes full details of his invention to the public. Once the monopoly period expires, all those details of the invention pass into the public domain.A. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of ev
30、ents.B. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi: his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971,C. Because for most of the patents normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.D. George Valensi was more fortunate
31、 than most of other inventors. Because a patent remains perpetually published after it has expired, the shelves of the library attached to the British Patent Office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-pat
32、ent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents, that the one sure way of avoiding infringement of any other inventors rights is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise; because publication of an idea in any other form permanen
33、tly invalidates future patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to cull ideas from other areas Of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most “new“ ideas are, in fact, as old
34、as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity, dedication or the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patents for the manufacture of margarine and the theory of magnetic recording date back to 1869 and 1886 respectively. Many of
35、the original ideas behind television stem from the late 19th and early 20th century, well before Baird aroused public interest. Every stereo gramophone sold today owes its existence to the theory patented by Blumlein in 1931, and even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent f
36、or a cart with the horse at the rear. Such anticipations can have surprising significance. The German chemical giant, BASF, was recently refused a patent for the clever idea of pumping expanded plastics into a submerged ship and thereby floating it to the surface. The grounds of the refusal were tha
37、t the German Examiner had once seen a Walt Disney cartoon in which Donald Duck had performed a similar trick on a sunken boat with table-tennis balls. If the BASF scheme proves successful in practice and enables valuable wrecks to be salvaged it is likely that Walt Disney will be credited as the inv
38、entor. Even the apparently safe history of the telephone and gramophone contains some surprises. US legal case law details how an American called Drawbaugh had ideas for a telephone which anticipated Bells patents of 18751876 by five years, but it was Alexander Graham Bell who made the system practi
39、cal on a commercial level and was acknowledged and rewarded as inventor. The future will produce many similar situations. Patents are daily being granted for ideas from inventors for schemes that cannot yet workbut that one day, following massive investment by industry, will become a reality. It is
40、remarkably easy to sit in the comfort of an armchair and patent pipe dreams which are nothing more than prophecies of the future and problems for others to solve.（分数：6.50）(1).The word evaporate in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_. A. start B. transfer C. come to an end D. come into force（分数：0.5
41、0）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Paragraph 1, if a patent is granted,_. A. the inventor does not own it anymore B. the inventor can keep the discovery secret C. the inventor cannot sell the discovery D. the inventor must make the discovery public（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).From Paragraph 2, we can infer all the
42、following statements EXCEPT that_. A. extension of a patents life-span is usually limited B. if there is no reward for a patent, extension can be granted C. an extension cannot be longer than 32 years D. few patents of invention can be granted an extension（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).What do patent experts
43、advise people to do? A. To search through live patents. B. To infringe upon other inventors ideas. C. To imitate a dead patent in a different area. D. To create truly new invention by oneself.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The word perpetually in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to_. A. continually B. perman
44、ently C. privately D. publicly（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).If a patent is dead,_. A. it is kept secret B. it is open to the public C. it cannot be used anymore D. it can be re-patented immediately（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).The word plagiarize in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by_. A. employ B. learn C. appreciate D.
45、 re-patent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. If an idea is published, another similar patent following it
46、cannot be applied any more. B. The same idea can only be patented once in an area, so it is safe to use an idea of another area. C. A lot of inventors plagiarize ideas in the same area, so it is wiser to choose ideas in another different area. D. Traditionally, a lot of inventors re-patent others de
47、ad patents, so this kind of activity becomes safe.（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).The word grounds in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to_. A. surface B. position C. foundation D. reason（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).BASF was recently refused a patent because_. A. Walt Disney had applied for the patent before B. there
48、 was a similar idea prior to BASFs application C. BASF plagiarized the idea from a Disney cartoon D. the patent was in cartoon and hence not practical（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).In Paragraph 6, the author gives an example of telephone and gramophone in order to prove that_. A. the apparently clear history
49、 is not dependable B. the history of patents and inventions contains surprises C. U.S. legal system has serious problems relating to patents D. Alexander Bell plagiarized the idea of Drawbaugh（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. However, even short extensions are n
