1、上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试真题 2008 年 3 月及答案解析(总分：300.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、SECTION 1 LISTENING (总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A Spot Dictatio(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Today, well talk about what other effects watching TV might produce on children. Children should be (1) a lot of television, many experts and parents agree, but there is at
2、 least one circumstance when it might be beneficial: (2) . A recent study conducted by Italian researchers found that children (3) immediately preceding and during blood tests experienced less pain than children whose mothers (4) during the procedure, or children whose mothers were present but (5) .
3、The research, led by Carlo Brown, MD, at the University of Siena, is published in the Archives of Disease in Childhood. (6) the study. None received any type of anesthesia; the children and their mothers (7) . Both the group whose mothers attempted to distract them from the blood tests and those who
4、se mothers simply observed reported (8) than the group who watched cartoons. For that group, the levels of pain were less and the children were better able to (9) .One of the possible explanations is that children might have (10) during the procedures, exacerbating their perception of pain. “The hig
5、her pain level reported by children during (11) shows the difficulty mothers have in interacting positively (12) in their childrens life,“ the authors write.However, they stressed that (13) still provided benefits, noting that the children would (14) during the procedures. “Indeed, children state th
6、at having their parent present (15) when in pain,“ say the authors.Another possibility offered for consideration is the notion that the (16) might release pain-quelling endorphins. Endorphins, (17) produced by the pituitary gland, resemble opiates in their ability to produce analgesia and a sense of
7、 well-being. In other words, they might (18) .In any case, the study results suggest that health workers should (19) to watch television during painful procedures (20) .（分数：30.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
8、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、Part B Listening Com(总题数：4，分数：20.00)A.A change in French eating habits.B.A boom in long-hour meals in France.C.The origin of hamburgers.D.The home of the sit-down mid-day meal.A.A variation in food supply.B.A change in the workforce.C.A rise in food prices.D.A fall in white-coll
9、arization.A.Bakeries now offer a limited range of albeit excellent products.B.There are about four kinds of bread, breakfast and dessert pastries.C.Bakeries sell sandwiches mainly in the working-class areas.D.France is currently witnessing a boom in sandwich business.A.Men usually like to eat more h
10、amburgers than women do in France.B.Men, more likely to be working behind a jackhammer, need to eat so much.C.Women make up almost half the labor force in France now.D.Women have to pick up the children late from the day-care center.A.Because the bakeries have adapted the idea of fast food and made
11、it French products.B.Because the bakeries have offered something thats very close to what is called fast food.C.Because the hamburgers have ham and butter in them.D.Because the hamburgers do not cost so much as those offered by McDonald.A.Three.B.Four.C.Eleven.D.Eighteen.A.To intensify Tokyos role i
12、n peacekeeping missions abroad.B.To stop the countrys air force transport mission in Iraq.C.To override the lower houses decision.D.To approve the Democratic Partys bill to continue the mission.A.Worsening water scarcity.B.Increasing risks of diseases.C.Triggering mass displacement.D.Reducing the po
13、pulation in Asia.A.To resume peace talks which have been halted for a long time.B.To forge and sign a peace treaty pledged by both sides.C.To dispel his skepticism over chances for a deal before he leaves office.D.To open a 44-nation conference over the Middle East issue.A.60%B.26%C.21%D.20%A.What t
14、o do to control crime.B.What role a lawyer plays in a court case.C.How to tell a hardened criminal from a first-time offender.D.How to convict a criminal and put him in prison.A.Deterrence.B.Quick conviction.C.The social structure.D.The economy.A.Education programs are not so effective as required.B
15、.Drug treatment programs are insufficiently funded.C.Some rehabilitation programs inside prisons have been stopped.D.More people are convicted than prison space can accommodate.A.These programs are mainly intended for the kingpins of drug deals to get rehabilitated.B.These programs are currently car
16、ried out in most states in the country.C.These programs aim to develop a culture inside the prisons.D.These programs have psychological and educational components.A.Because gangs start in prisons and make prison a repressive experience.B.Because criminals tend to be repeat offenders.C.Because there
17、is no stigma attached to most criminals.D.Because society doesnt look at released prisoners with disdain.A.How to interact with colleagues and clients face to face.B.How to make effective telephone conversations.C.What skills are needed to get and hold down a job.D.What makes for an excellent abilit
18、y to express yourself.A.Managerial.B.Technological.C.Financial.D.Social.A.Basic to advanced knowledge of computer application.B.Ability to calculate all transactions, profits and costs.C.Creativity in making presentations to clients.D.Proficiency in at least one foreign language.A.To create your own
19、 databases on the computer.B.To enhance your social skills by holding parties with your friends.C.To use the computer in free time and become familiar with its operation.D.To store as many telephone numbers and addresses as you can.A.Graduating students.B.Trainee managers.C.Professional secretaries.
20、D.Low-level administrative staff.四、SECTION 2 READING TE(总题数：4，分数：50.00)Life expectancy in the richest countries of the world now exceeds the poorest by more than 30 years, figures show. The gap is widening across the world, with Western countries and the growing economies of Latin America and the Fa
21、r East advancing more rapidly than Africa and the countries of the former Soviet Union. Average life expectancy in Britain and similar countries of the OECD was 78.8 in 2000-2005, an increase of more than seven years since 1970-1975 and almost 30 years over the past century. In sub-Saharan Africa, l
22、ife expectancy has increased by just four months since 1970, to 46.1 years. Narrowing this “health gap“ will involve going beyond the immediate causes of disease-poverty, poor sanitation and infectionto tackle the “causes of the causes“ the social hierarchies in which people live, says the report pu
23、blished by the Global Commission on the Social Determinants of Health established by the WHO in 2005.Professor Sir Michael Marmot, chairman of the commission, who first coined the term “status syndrome“, said social status was the key to tackling health inequalities worldwide. In the 1980s, in a ser
24、ies of ground-breaking studies among Whitehall civil servants, Professor Marmot showed that the risk of death among those on the lower rungs of the career ladder was four times higher than those at the top, and that the difference was linked with the degree of control the individuals had over their
25、lives.He said yesterday that the same rule applied in poorer countries. If people increased their status and gained more control over their lives they improved their health because they were less vulnerable to the economic and environmental threats. “When people think about those in poor countries t
26、hey tend to think about poverty, lack of housing, sanitation and exposure to infectious disease. But there is another issue, the social gradient in health which I called status syndrome. It is not just those at the bottom of the hierarchy who have worse health; it is all the way along the scale. Tho
27、se second from the bottom have worse health than those above them but better health than those below.“The interim report of the commission, in the online edition of The Lancet, says the effects of status syndrome extend from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy, with Swedish adults holding a PhD h
28、aving a lower death rate than those with a masters degree. The study says “The gradient is a worldwide occurrence, seen in low-income, middle-income and high- income countries. It means we are all implicated. “The result is that even within rich countries such as Britain there are striking inequalit
29、ies in life expectancy. The poorest men in Glasgow have a life expectancy of 54, lower than the average in India. The answer, the report says, is empowerment, of individuals, communities and whole countries. “Technical and medical solutions such as medical care are without doubt necessary. But they
30、are insufficient.“ Professor Marmot said: “We talk about three kinds of empowerment. If people dont have the material necessities, they cannot be empowered. The second kind is psycho-social empowerment: more control over their lives. The third is political empowerment, having a voice.“The commission
31、s final report, to be published soon, will identify the ill effects of low status and make recommendations for how they can be tackled. In Britain a century ago, infant mortality among the rich was about 100 per 1,000 live births compared with 250 per 1, 000 among the poor. Infant mortality is still
32、 twice as high among the poor in Britain, but the rates have come down dramatically to 7 per 1,000 among the poor and 3.5 among the rich. Professor Marmot said: “We have made dramatic progress, but this is not about abolishing the rankings, but by identifying the ill effects of hierarchies we can ma
33、ke huge improvement./（分数：12.50）(1).Which of the following CANNOT be found from the passage?（分数：2.50）A.Life expectancy in Latin America and the Far East is increasing faster than Africa.B.In Africa, life expectancy had only increased by four years since 1970 to 46.1 years.C.There is a gap of more tha
34、n 30 years in life expectancy between the richest countries and the poorest countries.D.Within rich countries there are also great inequalities in life expectancy between the rich and the poor.(2).According to the passage, the term “status syndrome“ _.（分数：2.50）A.was first accepted by the World Healt
35、h Organisation in 2005B.was proposed by Professor Marmot to describe social changesC.is used to expose the major causes of health inequalitiesD.is used to show the correlation between sanitation and infection(3).According to the passage, the effects of status syndrome _.（分数：2.50）A.can only be found
36、from those living at the bottom of the societyB.usually are greater among those from the lower classesC.are the same on people from each ladder of the social hierarchyD.extend universally from the bottom to the top of the social hierarchy(4).Professor Marmot proposed that “empowerment“ should _.（分数：
37、2.50）A.mainly include technical and medical advancementB.be equal to access to material necessitiesC.be material, psycho-social and politicalD.be the final answer to the social problem of “health gap“(5).What can be concluded from the passage?（分数：2.50）A.Health inequality is closely related to social
38、 hierarchies.B.The “causes of the causes“ of health gap lie in the differences between rich and poor countries.C.Social ranking should be ultimately abolished.D.The rich countries should give more assistance to poor countries to fill the health gap.In Idahos Snake River Valley, where potato farmers
39、depend on electric pumps to water their crops, the states largest power company hopes to stand tradition on its head and profit by selling farmers less, not more, electricity. To do that, Idaho Power is vastly expanding its energy-efficiency programs for 395,000 residential customers, small business
40、es, and farmers. Usually the more customers save, the less utilities make. But under an innovative deal with state regulators in March, Idaho Power gets paid for its plants and equipment and boosts profits by winning incentive payments for reducing electric demand.Its an idea that appears to be catc
41、hing on as legislatures fret about global warming and utilities scramble to meet rising demand without the increasing harassment and cost of building new power plants. Idaho is among 13 states whose regulators have either adopted or proposed measures in the past year to decouple utility profit from
42、electricity production. Decoupling is advancing even faster for natural-gas utilities, with 25 states either adopting or proposing decoupling plans in recent years. “This wave toward decoupling is clearly gathering momentum,“ says Martin Kushler of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Econom
43、y in Washington. “More states seem to be calling every week to find out about this.“Although California pioneered the idea 25 years agoand strengthened incentives and penalties last monthinterest is picking up again because of global warming, experts say. The main idea is that by rearranging the inc
44、entive structure, regulators can give utilities clear incentives to push energy efficiency and conservation without hurting their bottom lines. Under the new rules in California, for example, electric utilities could make as much as $150 million extra if they can persuade Californians to save some $
45、2 billion worth of power, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council.“This is a vital step in the global-warming fight,“ says Audrey Chang, an NRDC researcher. “It represents, we hope, a historic shift toward decoupling that is going to help bend the energy demand curve downwards.“ Beside Id
46、aho, states that this year adopted decoupling for some or all of its electric power industry include New York, Connecticut, and Vermont. At least nine other states have seen major decoupling proposals this year.Idaho Power is happy that its key fixed costsplants and equipmentare now separated from v
47、ariable costs of electricity sales such as fuel. Regulators annually readjust those fixed ratesup or downa maximum of 3 percent to ensure that the company gets no more or less than it has been regulated to receive. But customers should benefit, too, as utility efficiency programs cut energy use and
48、energy billssomething the company is trying hard to do so it can win a bonus if it meets or exceeds energycutting goals. “Before there was almost a disincentive to go hard at efficiency because we werent recovering our fixed costs,“ says Mike Youngblood, an analyst for Idaho Power. “Now the anticipation is that we will recover our fixed cost, no more or less. And our customers will see their bill go down if they invest in energy efficiency.“One key reason utilities are often willing to decouple or even leading pr
