1、上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(二)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Note-taking and Gap-(总题数：0，分数：0.00)AHow is urbanization 1 affecting our society? Before answering the question, one must understand that urbanization cannot be 2 , but only 3 in a manner that will help the United States to 4 better. Urbanism causes
2、 a decrease in 5 living space, and promotes urban violence, political 6 , crime and 7 behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates 8 . Another major issue created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. 9 , safety, transportation, housing, edu
3、cation and even electricity are failing. With divorce rates 10 , delinquency is also becoming more of a problem than before. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, 11 will increase in these areas. The 12 of people give rise to 13 of people by race, 14 practices, 15 heritage, as well as e
4、conomic and social status. Lacking in sufficient financial 16 makes urban areas unable to 17 all the problems. Due to the 18 in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem. Also the lack of the traditional family structure and weakened 19 of kinship weak
5、en the 20 of the children growing up in urban areas. The problems in urban areas are far more than can be handled in any short-term efforts. （分数：50.00）BPsychologists have been studying 1 Internet use since the late 1990s. Brenner“s subjects reported an 2 of 19 hours per week of Internet use. Many re
6、ported up to 10 3 of interference in 4 functioning, 5 failure to manage time, missing sleep, or missing meals. A surprising result is that 80% of the 6 reported at least five of these signs. These numbers suggest that the 7 of some level of these problems should not be considered 8 . Kathleen Schere
7、r studied 531 students at the University of Texas at Austin and 381 of them were studied further. “ 9 “ users averaged only 11 hours per week online. Janet Morahan-Martin and Phyllis Schumaker surveyed 10 college students and 11 pathological use by 12 a 13-item 13 which 14 evidence that the Internet
8、 was causing personal problems, 15 symptoms and mood 16 use. According to their research, pathological users averaged 17 hours of Internet use per week. Pathological users reported significantly more 18 , used online games more than other users, and they also used more technologically 19 aspects of
9、the Net more than other students. When is Internet use pathological? The simple answer: when it gets in the way of the rest of your life. Addictions involve 20 use despite harm. （分数：50.00）上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(二)答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Note-taking and Gap-(总题数：0，分数：0.00)AHow is urbanization 1 aff
10、ecting our society? Before answering the question, one must understand that urbanization cannot be 2 , but only 3 in a manner that will help the United States to 4 better. Urbanism causes a decrease in 5 living space, and promotes urban violence, political 6 , crime and 7 behavior. Rapid population
11、growth in urban areas also perpetuates 8 . Another major issue created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. 9 , safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. With divorce rates 10 , delinquency is also becoming more of a problem t
12、han before. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, 11 will increase in these areas. The 12 of people give rise to 13 of people by race, 14 practices, 15 heritage, as well as economic and social status. Lacking in sufficient financial 16 makes urban areas unable to 17 all the problems. Du
13、e to the 18 in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem. Also the lack of the traditional family structure and weakened 19 of kinship weaken the 20 of the children growing up in urban areas. The problems in urban areas are far more than can be handled
14、 in any short-term efforts. （分数：50.00）解析：negatively 听力原文 How is urbanization negatively affecting our society? The answer to this question is not a simple one. I will not only break down the problems of urbanization in the United States, but also tell you some of the attempts made to fix the problem
15、 and give some opinions as to how it could possibly be solved in the future. One must understand that urbanization cannot be stopped, but only contained in a manner that will help the United States to function better as a country. The more densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is, the
16、 more accentuated characteristics can be associated with urbanism. Urbanism causes a decrease in per capita living space,-and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates poverty. Another major issue being crea
17、ted by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. Our cities are not working well! Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. These are all responsibilities of the government, or it is at least their job to regulate these se
18、rvices deemed to be monopolies. And it is a known fact that monopolies deem toward inefficiency. Functionalists look at our cities as a means to profit. Cities are a place where everybody visits, and therefore vendors can raise their prices and profit more on their products. For example, from my own
19、 personal experience, I bought a pack of cigarettes for $3.00 at my local gas station, and when I visited inner city Orlando, I bought the same brand of cigarettes for $4.00. This is just a minor example, and most of the residents in an urban area are in poverty and have trouble affording the $3.00
20、pack if they smoke, much less adding a dollar to the already ridiculous cost. In the United States, the breaking of the traditional family structure is an issue that has become increasingly noticeable in recent years, particularly in urbanized areas. The traditional morn-and-dad-and-children are rar
21、ely seen in the inner cities any more. With divorce rates rising, delinquency is also becoming more of a problem than before. With single parent families, children lack in the authority department due to the lack of the amount of time their parents have free to raise them. Specialized institutions o
22、ften help, but cannot replace the role of a child guardian. As long as the divorce rate continues to increase, delinquency will continue to increase in these areas as well. The density of people reinforces effect of numbers in diversifying people and their activities and increasing the complexity of
23、 the social structure. The variations of people give rise to segregation of people by race, religious practices, ethnic heritage, as well as economic and social status. Segregation often creates much tension and prejudice between social groups. This can cause physical or mental damage to individuals
24、 or society. People will choose their destination or place of residence according to many different ideals and needs, for example what fits their budget. Population change carries with it a high likelihood of social disruption. Government assumes major responsibility for development attempting to me
25、et rapidly increasing demands for education, housing, agriculture and industrial development, transportation and employment. The government budget is not distributed equally mainly due to differentiation in areas. Areas with higher income will obviously have a higher budget to work with. Urban areas
26、 are usually lacking in sufficient financial resources. Therefore they are not able to fix all the problems in these areas, such as sanitation, education and many other categories. America has hired approximately fifty percent more teachers in the last few years than have been hired in the past, but
27、 the increase in population keeps the classrooms just as large. The effort does not meet the need; thus the problem remains as strong as ever. Due to the overpopulation in urban areas and the lack of employment opportunity, the crime rate is also a huge problem which they are faced with. Also the la
28、ck of the traditional family structure and weakened bonds of kinship weaken the moral of the children growing up in the urban areas. These children grow up in poverty and usually look at crime as a quick and easy way out. The problems in urban areas are far more than can be handled in any short-term
29、 efforts. We can only hope to contain them, and attempt to make sure that no more problems arise from the already existing ones.解析：stopped解析：contained解析：function解析：per capita解析：instability解析：aggressive解析：poverty解析：Sanitation解析：rising解析：delinquency解析：variations解析：segregation解析：religious解析：ethnic解析：re
30、sources解析：repair解析：overpopulation解析：bonds解析：moralBPsychologists have been studying 1 Internet use since the late 1990s. Brenner“s subjects reported an 2 of 19 hours per week of Internet use. Many reported up to 10 3 of interference in 4 functioning, 5 failure to manage time, missing sleep, or missin
31、g meals. A surprising result is that 80% of the 6 reported at least five of these signs. These numbers suggest that the 7 of some level of these problems should not be considered 8 . Kathleen Scherer studied 531 students at the University of Texas at Austin and 381 of them were studied further. “ 9
32、“ users averaged only 11 hours per week online. Janet Morahan-Martin and Phyllis Schumaker surveyed 10 college students and 11 pathological use by 12 a 13-item 13 which 14 evidence that the Internet was causing personal problems, 15 symptoms and mood 16 use. According to their research, pathological
33、 users averaged 17 hours of Internet use per week. Pathological users reported significantly more 18 , used online games more than other users, and they also used more technologically 19 aspects of the Net more than other students. When is Internet use pathological? The simple answer: when it gets i
34、n the way of the rest of your life. Addictions involve 20 use despite harm. （分数：50.00）解析：abnormal 听力原文 Psychologists have been studying abnormal Internet use since the late 1990s. In another article I discussed a presentation on pathological Internet use by Mark Griffiths at the American Psychologic
35、al Association“s 2007 annual convention. Griffiths used a model of addiction to analyze the behavior of several different people who had problems with their Internet use. What is normal Internet use? Several different answers were presented as a part of a symposium at APA. Victor Brenner studied Int
36、ernet use through a World Wide Web survey. His preliminary results were published in Psychological Reports in 2007. He presented further results at APA that were consistent with the earlier results. Brenner“s subjects reported an average of 19 hours per week of Internet use. Many reported up to 10 s
37、igns of interference in role functioning, primarily failure to manage time, missing sleep, or missing meals. A surprising result is that 80% of the samples reported at least five of these signs. These numbers suggest that the presence of some level of these problems is normal, and therefore should n
38、ot be considered pathological. The Internet seems to be a compelling medium, and some disruption in our lives is normal if we spend much time online. Other studies have come up with different numbers. Kathleen Scherer studied 531 students at the University of Texas at Austin. 381 students who used t
39、he Internet at least once per week were studied further. 13% of these students were classified as Internet-dependent because they had at least 3 out of 10 problems which parallel chemical dependencies. 71% of the dependent users were men and 29% were women. “Dependent“ users averaged only 11 hours p
40、er week online while the average for the whole sample was 8 hours. Defining people as “dependent“ based on their self-report of three problems seems a bit excessive in light of Brenner“s study. Scherer“s numbers are probably lower than Brenner“s for several reasons. She used a college sample and rec
41、ruited from a cross-section of students. Brenner recruited online and his technique would have attracted heavy Net-users. The more time you spend online the more likely you are to stumble across the survey. Janet Morahan-Martin and Phyllis Schumaker presented the results of a study which support Sch
42、erer“s lower numbers. They surveyed 283 college students in courses which required Internet use. They measured pathological use by administering a 13-item survey which assessed evidence that the Internet was causing personal problems, withdrawal symptoms and mood altering use. They classified users
43、into three groups. Pathological users averaged 8.5 hours of Internet use per week, persons with limited symptoms averaged 3.2 hours per week, and those with no symptoms averaged 2.4 hours per week. Pathological users also differed from other users in other ways. They reported significantly more lone
44、liness, as measured by the UCLA Loneliness Scale. They used online games more than other users, and they also used more technologically sophisticated aspects of the Net, such as virtual reality, and remote support communication software, more than other students. They did not use Internet Relay Chat
45、 more than other students. What is normal Internet use? We still don“t know. For the majority of the population normal Internet use remains zero hours per week. Studies suggest that some college students average 8 hours or so per week, and Web surfers can average 20 hours online without having major
46、 problems. What you do online may be as important as how long you spend online. Some online activities seem to be more compelling and potentially addictive than others. Games and chat have been mentioned in this context, although these studies found limited support for the addictiveness of chat. Whe
47、n is Internet use pathological? The simple answer, when it gets in the way of the rest of your life. Addictions involve compulsive use despite harm. The longer definition of addiction in the previous article illustrates some ways that substances and activities can get in the way. Look for more resea
48、rch in the next few years as we wrestle with these issues. While Internet use patterns may have changed since 1997, some people still develop problems. If you are having a problem with excessive Internet use you may want to see a therapist in person. Online help is probably not ideal for pathological Internet use since it contributes to even more time online.解析：average解析：signs解析：role解析：primarily解析：samples解析：presence解析：pathological解析：Dependent解析：283解析：measured解析：administering解析：survey解析：assessed解析：withdrawal解析：altering解析：8.5解析：loneliness解析：sophisticated解析：compulsive
