1、上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(三)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Note-taking and Gap-(总题数：0，分数：0.00)AIf you ask me: What got you interested in science? I would say. When I don“t 1 how things work, I“m 2 . Then what got me into 3 biology, 4 ? I“d like to understand how biology works, how living 5 work. How would
2、you 6 synthetic biology? What does it 7 ? My interest is to 8 and reliably, quickly, easily, cheaply put 9 the bits and 10 of biology to make new and useful things. The 11 of synthetic biology is to make routine the 12 , the programming of living 13 . And the last seventy years of biology has been a
3、 success at taking things 14 and reading out the 15 , but we“ve never put things 16 together. Seventy years ago, the 17 came into biology and really shook things up. What“s happening now is that the engineers are coming into biology and going to 18 things up in a 19 , different way. The last thing t
4、o say is that we“ve developed some technologies that make it easy. DNA synthesis is getting better, which means that the cost and time to 20 one of your designs isn“t six years, but six weeks, perhaps. （分数：50.00）BEveryone experiences 1 on some level every day. Stress, broadly defined, is our 2 to ev
5、ents we perceive as 3 or challenging. Of course, not everyone perceives the same events or circumstances as 4 ; we don“t always react the same way to the same stressors. In fact, something that is extremely stressful for one person may be exciting and 5 for another. In general, stressful events can
6、be classified into three main 6 : cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and background stressors. Cataclysmic events are 7 events that cause stress suddenly and immediately. Their examples are earthquakes, fires, or other 8 . Personal stressors are major life events that create stress. They can in
7、clude the death of a loved one, a job loss, a divorce, a financial 9 , or a 10 move. Finally, background stressors, which we can also think of as day-to-day 11 , or minor 12 . Examples of background stressors are waiting in a long line, getting 13 in a traffic jam, being 14 to noise, experiencing a
8、delay, or dealing with broken equipment. Repeated exposure to stressors has both 15 and biological 16 . When we are exposed to stressors, our adrenal glands secrete certain 17 , and our heart rate and blood pressure rise. And when the body is preparing for emergencies, body 18 such as the heart and
9、blood 19 can begin to 20 . （分数：50.00）上海市高级口译第一阶段笔试分类模拟笔记题(三)答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Note-taking and Gap-(总题数：0，分数：0.00)AIf you ask me: What got you interested in science? I would say. When I don“t 1 how things work, I“m 2 . Then what got me into 3 biology, 4 ? I“d like to understand how biology
10、works, how living 5 work. How would you 6 synthetic biology? What does it 7 ? My interest is to 8 and reliably, quickly, easily, cheaply put 9 the bits and 10 of biology to make new and useful things. The 11 of synthetic biology is to make routine the 12 , the programming of living 13 . And the last
11、 seventy years of biology has been a success at taking things 14 and reading out the 15 , but we“ve never put things 16 together. Seventy years ago, the 17 came into biology and really shook things up. What“s happening now is that the engineers are coming into biology and going to 18 things up in a
12、19 , different way. The last thing to say is that we“ve developed some technologies that make it easy. DNA synthesis is getting better, which means that the cost and time to 20 one of your designs isn“t six years, but six weeks, perhaps. （分数：50.00）解析：understand 听力原文 If you ask me: What got you inter
13、ested in science, in general? I have to say- When I don“t understand how things work, I“m curious. It bothers me when I don“t understand how things work. I“d like to understand how things work. I want to understand how things work. I can repeat that for a long time. Then what got me into synthetic b
14、iology, specifically? I“d like to understand how biology works, how living organisms work. So I started thinking about why it“s been so hard to understand biology. And the conclusion I“ve come to is that the biological systems that we find in nature are not themselves designed by nature, by evolutio
15、n, to be easy to understand. And so if I wanted to have biology that I understand, I“d be better off building it myself. In the same way that you might try to understand a car, or a bicycle by taking it apart and having the pieces all over your lawn. But you“re going to have a much better understand
16、ing of a car or a bicycle if you take the bits and pieces and put them together to build one from scratch. And that“s why I got interested in synthetic biology. So that takes us in the next direction. How would you define synthetic biology? What is it, and what does it actually synthesize? There“re
17、a couple different ways to look at it. I mean, for me, I“m trained as an engineer, so my interest is to be able to routinely and reliably, quickly, easily, cheaply put together the bits and pieces of biology to make new and useful things. The goal of synthetic biology is to make routine the engineer
18、ing, the programming of living organisms. So you think about how you“d use a computer today, how you program a computer today. Even though it might sound like a challenging thing to do, in relative and absolute terms it“s quite easy to program a computer. So how do we get to some future where the pr
19、ogramming of living systems by changing their DNA and other things is as simple and straightforward and understandable and reliable as the computers are today? So that“s my take on synthetic biology. It“s a combination of “What are the things we“d actually like to get biology to do on our behalf?“ a
20、nd “What are the tools, technology platforms, the basic infrastructure that would help us get to that endpoint more reliably, and let more people get there?“ There“s another perspective on the field, which is not an engineering perspective. The scientific perspective on the field is, “I don“t unders
21、tand something unless I can put it together.“ And the last 70 years of biology has been a tremendous success at taking things apart and reading out the genome, but we“ve never put things back together. Again, we can go back to the idea that you take your father“s car, you rip it apart, it“s all over
22、 the lawn, you sort of understand what“s going on, but until you can put it back together, you“re not going to convince anybody that you really understand what you“re doing. If you ask- What do you think makes synthetic biology such a hot field right now, makes it so popular? It“s fun. You get to bu
23、ild stuff. Right, building is a great way to learn. You might fail, you might not succeed, but you“re going to be succeeding for physical reasons which you can go follow up on. The other thing to say is 70 years ago, it was the physicists who came into biology and really shook things up. I suspect t
24、hat what“s happening now is that the engineers are coming into biology, and they“re going to shake things up in a complementary, different way, but as significant. And if you ask an engineer what they want to do in their heart, they would tell you they want to make something. The other, last thing t
25、o say is that we“ve developed some technologies that make it easy. Not easy, I mean easier. DNA synthesis is getting-better, and better, and better, which means that the cost and time to compile one of your designs isn“t six years. It might be six weeks. Which is still slow, but it“s not infinitely
26、slow.解析：curious解析：synthetic解析：specifically解析：organisms解析：define解析：synthesize解析：routinely解析：together解析：pieces解析：goal解析：engineering解析：organisms解析：apart解析：genome解析：back解析：physicists解析：shake解析：complementary解析：compileBEveryone experiences 1 on some level every day. Stress, broadly defined, is our 2 to ev
27、ents we perceive as 3 or challenging. Of course, not everyone perceives the same events or circumstances as 4 ; we don“t always react the same way to the same stressors. In fact, something that is extremely stressful for one person may be exciting and 5 for another. In general, stressful events can
28、be classified into three main 6 : cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and background stressors. Cataclysmic events are 7 events that cause stress suddenly and immediately. Their examples are earthquakes, fires, or other 8 . Personal stressors are major life events that create stress. They can in
29、clude the death of a loved one, a job loss, a divorce, a financial 9 , or a 10 move. Finally, background stressors, which we can also think of as day-to-day 11 , or minor 12 . Examples of background stressors are waiting in a long line, getting 13 in a traffic jam, being 14 to noise, experiencing a
30、delay, or dealing with broken equipment. Repeated exposure to stressors has both 15 and biological 16 . When we are exposed to stressors, our adrenal glands secrete certain 17 , and our heart rate and blood pressure rise. And when the body is preparing for emergencies, body 18 such as the heart and
31、blood 19 can begin to 20 . （分数：50.00）解析：stress 听力原文 Everyone experiences stress on some level every day. Stress, broadly defined, is our response to events that we perceive as threatening or challenging. We may experience different levels of stress depending on the stressors, that is, the events or
32、circumstances that cause us to feel stress. Of course, not everyone perceives the same events or circumstances as stressful; we don“t always react the same way to the same stressors. In fact, something that is extremely stressful for one person may be exciting and non-stressful for another. In gener
33、al, though, stressful events can be classified into three main categories: cataclysmic events, personal stressors, and background stressors. Cataclysmic events are major events that cause stress suddenly, immediately, for a great many people at once. Examples of these are earthquakes, fires, or othe
34、r disasters. Personal stressors are major life events that create stress. They can include the death of a loved one, a job loss, a divorce, a financial setback, or a geographical move. They are not always events that we would perceive as negative; many “joyful“ life events can also cause a great dea
35、l of stress. For example, getting engaged or married, acquiring a new family member, through birth or adoption, starting a new job, and even taking a vacation can all be as stressful as “negative“ life events. Finally, background stressors, which we can also think of as day-to-day hassles, or minor
36、irritations, can cause stress, particularly when they add up, when we are repeatedly exposed to them. Examples of background stressors are waiting in a long line, getting stuck in a traffic jam, being exposed to noise, experiencing a delay of some sort, or dealing with broken equipment. Examples of
37、chronic background stressors, and the kind that can lead to long-term health problems, include being unhappy with one“s job, living environment, marriage, or relationship. Stress is not something that only exists in our mind. Repeated exposure to stressors has both psychological and biological conse
38、quences. When we are exposed to stressors, our adrenal glands secrete certain hormones, and our heart rate and blood pressure rise. We experience a “fight or flight“ response, a sense of emergency, where the body prepares to defend itself. This is useful in some situations, especially where we might
39、 actually need to defend ourselves. In the long run, though, this activation of what is known as the sympathetic nervous system has negative effects and reduces our capacity to manage stress. When stress hormones are constantly secreted, and the body is continually preparing for emergencies, body ti
40、ssues such as the heart and blood vessels can begin to deteriorate. The immune system functions less effectively, and reduces our ability to fight off illnesses. The sequence of physiological reactions to stress may be three phases. The first is the “alarm and mobilization“ phase. This is when we fi
41、rst become aware of a stressor. When we respond with alarm, we may feel upset or confused. We may even feel a sense of panic or fear. After that, however, we may begin to mobilize our effortsin other words, to take action to remove the stressor. For example, if you received a mid-semester report sta
42、ting that your grades were all very low, you might worry at first, but then you would probably make plans to reverse the situation, to improve your grades. It is during this first phase that the sympathetic nervous system is activated and the body responds with a sense of emergency. The second phase
43、 is the resistance stage, which occurs if the stressor is not removed. This is the stage when we fight against the stressor or try to cope with the stressor. The attempt to mobilize and remove the source of stress from phase one can result in further stress. For example, if you were studying long ho
44、urs to try to improve low grades, you might succeed in improving the grades but create more stress in the process. This can lead to the third phase, exhaustion. In this phrase, if resistance was not successful and stressors still exist, our ability to fight or cope with the stressor diminishes. At t
45、his point, symptoms of stress manifest themselves psychologically and biologically. Psychologically, we may become irritable, short-tempered, or unable to focus. There may be a sense of being completely overwhelmed and unable to function. Biologically, our bodies may react with such symptoms as ache
46、s and pains, fatigue, or illnesses. Interestingly, the exhaustion phase may actually be an extreme way of trying to avoid the stressors. The body may be telling us that we need to take a break, that we need to do whatever is necessary to remove ourselves from the stressor.解析：response解析：threatening解析：stressful解析：non-stressful解析：categories解析：major解析：disasters解析：setback解析：geographical解析：hassles解析：irritations解析：stuck解析：exposed解析：psychological解析：consequences解析：hormones解析：tissues解析：vessels解析：deteriorate
