1、国际贸易+International+Trade 及答案解析(总分：52.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART ONE(总题数：1，分数：8.00)A. By constant returns to specialization we mean the units of resources required to produce a good (cocoa or rice) are assumed to remain constant no matter where one is on a countrys production possibility frontier (PPF). Th
2、us, we assumed that it always took Ghana 10 units of resources to produce one ton of cocoa.B. While 10 units of resources may be sufficient to increase Ghanas output of cocoa from 12 tons to 13 tons, 11 units of resources may be needed to increase output froml3 to 14 tons, 12 units of resources to i
3、ncrease output from 14 tons to 15 tons, and so on.C. For example, imagine that growing cocoa uses more land and less labor than growing rice, and that Ghana tries to transfer resources from rice production to cocoa production. The rice industry will release proportionately too much labor and too lit
4、tle land for efficient cocoa production. To absorb the additional resources of labor and land, the cocoa industry will have to shift toward more labor-intensive methods of production.D. As a country tries to increase its output of a certain good, it is increasingly likely to draw on more marginal re
5、sources whose productivity is not as great as those initially employed. The result is that it requires ever more resources to produce an equal increase in output.E. Diminishing returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specialization are likely to be exhausted before specialization is co
6、mplete. In reality, most countries do not specialize out, instead, produce a range of goods. However, the theory predicts that it is worthwhile to specialize until that point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by diminishing re turns.（分数：8.00）(1).The effect is that the efficiency wi
7、th which the cocoa industry uses labor will decline, and returns will diminish.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(2).Diminishing returns show that it is not feasible for a country to specialize to the degree suggested by the simple Ricardian model outlined earlier.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(3).It is more realistic to ass
8、ume diminishing returns for two reasons. First, not all resources are of the same quality.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(4).Diminishing returns to specialization occurs when more units of resources are required to produce each additional unit.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(5).A second reason for diminishing returns is th
9、at different goods use resources in different proportions.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(6).However, it is more realistic to assume diminishing returns to specialization.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(7).Thus, the basic conclusion that unrestricted free trade is beneficial still holds, although because of diminishing ret
10、urns, the gains may not be as great as suggested in the constant returns case.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.(8).The simple comparative advantage model developed above assumes constant returns to specialization.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.E.二、PART TWO(总题数：1，分数：6.00)What International Trade is about?International trade is
11、the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade has been present throughout much of history, (9)Industrialization, advanced transportation
12、, globalization, multinational corporations, and out sourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. (10) Without inter national trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.International trade is, in principle, not different f
13、rom domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. (11) The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs assoc
14、iated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture.Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. (12) and only to a lesser extent to trade
15、 in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production.Instead of importing a factor of production, (13) An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chines
16、e labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country.Internati
17、onal trade is also a branch of economics, which, (14)A. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic tradeB. International trade allows us to expand our markets for both goods and servicesC. its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise
18、 in recent centuriesD. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalizationE. a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody itF. in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global eventsG. together with
19、international finance, forms the larger branch of international economicsH. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services（分数：6.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、PART THREE(总题数：1，分数：6.00)The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Oh
20、lin is that they identify with precision the specific benefits of international trade. Common sense suggests that some international trade is beneficial. For example, nobody would suggest that Iceland should grow its own oranges. Iceland can benefit from trade by exchanging some of the products that
21、 it can pro duce at a low cost (fish) for some products that it cannot produce at all (oranges). Thus, by engaging in international trade, Icelanders are able to add oranges to their diet of fish. The theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin go beyond this commonsense notion, however, to show
22、 why it is beneficial for a country to engage in international trade even for products it is able to coproduce for itself. This is a difficult concept for people to grasp. For example, many people in the United States believe that American consumers should buy products produced in the United States
23、by American companies whenever possible to help save American jobs from foreign corn petition. Such thinking apparently underlay a 2002 decision by President George W. Bush to protect American steel producers from competition from lower cost foreign producers.The same kind of nationalistic sentiment
24、s can be observed in many other countries. However, the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin tell us that a countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home. The gains arise because international trade allows a country to spe
25、cialize in the manufacture and ex port of products that can be produced most efficiently in that country, while importing products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. So it may make sense for the United States to specialize in the production and export of commercial jet aircraf
26、t, since the efficient production of commercial jet aircraft requires resources that are abundant in the United States, such as a highly skilled labor force and cutting-edge technological know-how. On the other hand, it may make sense for the United States to import textiles from China since the eff
27、icient production of textiles requires a relatively cheap labor force and cheap labor is not abundant in the United States.Of course, this economic argument is often difficult for segments of a countrys population to accept. With their future threatened by imports, U. S. textile companies and their
28、employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by demanding quotas and tariffs. Although such import controls may benefit particular groups, such as textile businesses and their employees or unprofitable steel mills and their employees, the theories of Smit
29、h, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin suggest that such action hurts the economy as a whole. Limits on imports are often in the interests of domestic producers, but not domestic consumers.（分数：6.00）(1).Why does the author offer an example of Iceland?A. To emphasize the great strength of the theories of Smi
30、th, Ricardo, and Heckscher- Ohlin.B. To explain the connotation of international trade.C. To prove the benefit of some international trade.D. To show the exchange of orange and fish in international trade.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).By the word “underlay“(line 12, paragraph l), the author means _.A. influe
31、ncedB. determinedC. supportedD. accounted for（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What does “nationalistic sentiments“ mean in the passage?A. Sentiments are held by the whole nation.B. People are patriotic towards their homeland.C. Consumers should buy products produced in their own country.D. Countries should not
32、import products.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does “this“(line l, paragraph 3) refer to?A. United States should specialize in the production and export of commercial jet aircraft.B. United States should import textiles from China for its cheap labor force.C. Consumers should buy products produced in the
33、ir homeland to help save jobs.D. A countrys economy may gain if its citizens buy certain products from other nations that could be produced at home.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What does theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin suggest when a country limits its importation?A. It hurts the economy as
34、a whole.B. It helps increase job opportunities.C. The international trade is not beneficial to the country.D. Domestic consumers are beneficial from limiting importation.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).Which is the main idea of the last paragraph?A. Persuasion of U. S. textile companiesB. The difficulty to acc
35、ept theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin.C. Limits on imports.D. The influence of limits on imports.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、PART FOUR(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Specialization and International TradeThe high (21) of specialization in our society increases the standard of living of all by making more goods
36、 and services available. But specialization necessarily implies trade and can not occur without it. This (22) from the fact that people usually want to have a “(23) diet. “ The specialized producer uses only a small part-maybe none-of his own product for his personal (24) and he exchanges his surplu
37、s for the goods and services of other specialized producers.The exchange of goods and services among residents of the same country is usually called (25) trade. Countries cannot live alone any more effectively than individuals can. Thus, each country tends to specialize in the production of those co
38、mmodities which it can produce relatively more (26) than other countries, exchanging its surplus for the (27) of other countries, of goods and services which they produce relatively more cheaply, or which the first country cannot produce at all. This process brings (28) an international division of
39、labor which makes it possible to make more goods and services available to all countries. (29) the inter national division of labor and specialization increases the standard of living in all countries in the same way that the division of labor and specialization within a single, (30) economy increas
40、es the standard of living of all of its residents.（分数：10.00）(1).A. grade B. level C. degree D. extent（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).A. arises B. follows C. differs D. gains（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).A. healthy B. natural C. balanced D. proper（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).A. consumption B. opinion C. habit D. need（分数：1.00）A.
41、B.C.D.(5).A. international B. border C. domestic D. free（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(6).A. attractively B. preciously C. rarely D. cheaply（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(7).A. commodities B. deficit C. currency D. surplus（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(8).A. about B. forth C. out D. into（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(9).A. Therefore B. However C. Mor
42、eover D. Besides（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(10).A. open B. closed C. prospect D. world（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART FIVE(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Comparative AdvantageIn economics, the law of comparative advantage says that two (31) will both gain from trade if, in the absence of trade, they have different relative costs
43、 for producing the same goods. Even if one country is more efficient in the production of all goods (32) the other, both countries will still gain by trading with each other, as (33) as they have different relative efficiencies.For example, (34) using machinery, a worker in one country can produce b
44、oth shoes and shirts (35) 6 per hour, and a worker in a country with less machinery can produce (36) 2 shoes or 4 shirts in an hour, each country can gain from trade because their internal trade-offs between shoes and shirts are (37) The less-efficient country has a comparative ad vantage in shirts,
45、 so it (38) it more efficient to produce shirts and trade them to the more-efficient country for shoes. Without trade, its (39) per shoe was 2 shirts; by trading, its cost per shoe can reduce to as low as 1 shirt depending on how much trade occurs. The more-(40) country has a comparative advantage i
46、n shoes, so it can gain in efficiency by moving some workers from shirt-production to shoe-production and trading some shoes for shirts. Without trade, its cost to make a shirt was 1 shoe; by trading, its cost per shirt can go as low as 1/2 shoe depending on how much trade occurs.The net benefits to
47、 each country are called the gains from trade.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_六、PART SIX(总题数：1，分数：12.00)Sale Contact（分数：12.00）(1).Should the Sellers fail to load the goods within the time as notified as by the Buyers, on board the（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).ve
48、ssel booked by the Buyers after its arrival at the shipping port of shipment, all expenses such（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).as dead freight, demurrage, and consequences thereof shall be borne by the Sellers. Should if（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).the vessel be withdrawn or replaced or delayed eventually or the cargo should be shut out etc.,（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).and the Sellers are not informed in goodtime to stop delivery of the calculation of loss for storage（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).expenses and insurance premium thus be sustained at the loading port s
