1、公共英语五级-213 及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Pollution is a “dirty“ word. To pollute means to contaminate-topsoil or something by introducing impurities which make 1 unfit or unclean to use. Pollution comes in many forms. We see it, smell it, 2 it, drink it, and stumble t
2、hrough it. We literally lived in and breathe pollution, and 3 surprisingly,it is beginning to 4 our health,our happiness,and our civilization. Once we thought of pollution 5 meaning simply the smogthe choking, stinging, dirty 6 that hovers over cities. But air pollution, while it is 7 the most dange
3、rous, is only one type of contamination among several 8 attack the most basic life functions. Through the uncontrolled use of insecticides, man has polluted the land, 9 the wildlife. By 10 sewage and chemicals into rivers and lakes, we have contaminated our 11 water. We are polluting the oceans, too
4、, kilting the fish and 12 depriving ourselves 13 an invaluable food supply. Part of the problem is our exploding 14 . More and more people are producing more wastes. But this problem is intensified by our “throw-away“ technology. Each year Americans 15 of 7 million autos, 20 million tons of waste pa
5、per, 25 million pounds of toothpaste tubes and 48 million cans. We throw away gum wrappers, newspapers, and paper plates. It is no longer wise to 16 anything. Today almost everything is disposable. 17 of repairing a toaster or a radio, it is easier and cheaper to buy another one and discard the old,
6、even 18 95 percent of its parts may still be functioning. Baby diapers,which used to be made of reusable cloth, are now paper throw-aways. Soon we will wear clothing made of 19 :“ Wear it once and throw it away“ will be the slogan of the fashionable consciousness. Where is this all to end? Are we tu
7、rning the world into a gigantic dump,or is there hope that we can solve the pollution problem? 20 , solutions are in sight. A few of them are positively ingenious.（分数：20.00）二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：5.00)While it“s true that just about every cell in
8、the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason. The last thing you want is for your brain cells to start producing stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any
9、and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven“t begun to specialize. Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells-brain cells in Alzheimer“s, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in d
10、iabetes, to name a few. If doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthy replacement tissue. It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stern cells and get them to grow into
11、 neural, muscle and bone cells. The process still can“t be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations. But if efforts to understand and master stem-ceil development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power. The same applies to cloning, which is really just the
12、other side of the coin. True cloning, as first shown with Dolly the sheep two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated ceil can develop into a full-fledged animal,
13、genetically identical to its parent. For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wi
14、lmut did for Dolly, and other creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year. Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state
15、 could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a tree “miracle cure“.（分数：5.00）(1).The passage mainly discusses _.（分数：1.00）A.the cloning technologyB.types of body
16、 cellsC.stem cellsD.methods of growing body tissues(2).The reason a nose is not likely to turn into a kidney is that _.（分数：1.00）A.cells in the nose do not contain instructionsB.nose does not contain brain cellsC.instructions in a nose cell are inactivatedD.the stem ceils have not been specialized(3)
17、.When stem cells specialize, they _.（分数：1.00）A.grow into body partsB.are destroyedC.are set back to a pristine stateD.turn nose into kidney(4).The phrase “biological carbon copies“ (para. 4) refers to _.（分数：1.00）A.physical characteristics of real market valueB.body tissuesC.cloned animalsD.stem cell
18、s(5).The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?（分数：1.00）A.Human cloning is a technical impossibility.B.Human cloning may cause ethical concerns.C.Cloning contributes to understanding of stem cells.D.The potential medical values of cloning have been exaggerated.五、Text
19、2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In popular discussions of emissions-rights trading systems, it is common to mistake the smokestacks for the trees. For example, the wealthy oil enclave of Abu Dhabi brags that it has planted more than 130 million treeseach of which does its duty in absorbing carbon dioxide from the a
20、tmosphere. However, this artificial forest in the desert also consumes huge quantities of irrigation water produced, or recycled, from expensive desalination plants. The trees may allow its leaders to wear a halo at international meetings, but the rude fact is that they are an energy-intensive beaut
21、y strip, like most of so-called green capitalism. And, while we“re at it, let“s just ask: What if the buying and selling of carbon credits and pollution offsets fails to reduce global warming? What exactly will motivate governments and global industries then to join hands in a crusade to reduce emis
22、sions through regulation and taxation? Kyoto-type climate diplomacy assumes that all the major actors will recognize an overriding common interest in gaining harness over the runaway greenhouse effect. But global warming is not War of the Worlds, where invading Martians are dedicated to annihilating
23、 all of humanity without distinction. Climate change, instead, will initially produce dramatically unequal impacts across regions and social classes. It will reinforce, not diminish, geopolitical inequality and conflict. As the UNDP emphasized in its report last year, global warming is above all a t
24、hreat to the poor and the unborn, the “two parties with little or no political voice“. Coordinated global action on their behalf thus presupposes either their revolutionary empowerment or the transformation of the self-interest of rich countries and classes into an enlightened “solidarity“ without p
25、recedent in history. From a rational perspective, the latter outcome only seems realistic if it can be shown that privileged groups possess no preferential “exit“ option, that internationalist public opinion drives policymaking in key countries, and that greenhouse gas reduction could be achieved wi
26、thout major sacrifices in upscale Northern Hemispheric standards of livingnone of which seems highly likely. And what if growing environmental and social turbulence, instead of stimulating heroic innovation and international cooperation, simply drives elite publics into even more frenzied attempts t
27、o wall themselves off from the rest of humanity? Global intervention, in this unexplored but not improbable scenario, would be silently abandoned (as, to some extent, it already has been) in favor of accelerated investment in selective adaptation for Earth“s first-class passengers. We“re talking her
28、e of the prospect of creating green and gated oases of permanent affluence on an otherwise stricken planet. Of course, there will still be treaties, carbon credits, famine relief, humanitarian acrobatics, and perhaps, the full-scale conversion of some European cities and small countries to alternati
29、ve energy. But the shift to low-, or zero-emission lifestyles would be almost unimaginably expensive. And this will certainly become even more unimaginable after perhaps 2030, when the combined impacts of climate change, peak oil, peak water, and an additional 1.5 billion people on the planet may be
30、gin to seriously threaten growth.（分数：5.00）(1).The author gives the example of Abu Dhabi in order to illustrate that（分数：1.00）A.artificial forests can be a solution to environmental problems.B.what Abu Dhabi has done has won international recognition.C.planting trees in huge-numbers is harmful to dese
31、rt environment.D.environmentally-friendly attempts may damage the environment.(2).What does the word “runaway“ (line 2, para. 2) mean?（分数：1.00）A.Uncontrolled.B.Unpredicted.C.Immeasurable.D.Growing.(3).What is NOT a fundamental concern for the concerted action of rich countries?（分数：1.00）A.The spirit
32、of worldwide coordination should play a part in decision-making.B.The disadvantaged interest groups should be taken into consideration.C.Countries and regions should be treated indiscriminately.D.No countries should suffer any change in terms of life quality.(4).According to the author, which of the
33、 following statements is true?（分数：1.00）A.International cooperation can help curb environmental and social crisis.B.Innovation and cooperation in environmental issues are unlikely to happen.C.Rich countries will possibly seclude themselves from the rest of the world.D.Investment in environmental cons
34、ervation will largely increase in selected areas.(5).What is the author“s attitude towards the shift to low-emission lifestyles?（分数：1.00）A.Doubtful.B.Supportive.C.Ambiguous.D.Encouraging.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)When doctors need information about what dose of medication to prescribe, they usually con
35、sult a fat navy-blue book called The Physicians“ Desk Reference, or PDR, an extensive compilation of data about drugs form their manufacturers. But the doses recommended in the PDR may be too high for many people and may cause adverse reactions, ranging from dizziness and nausea all the way to death
36、, according to an article published last month in the journal Postgraduate Medicine. For many drugs including Viagra, Prozac and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure, allergies, insomnia and high cholesterol smaller doses would work just as well, with far less risk of bad reactions, said
37、 Jay Cohen, the author of the article. “Side effects drive a lot of people out of treatment that they need,“ Dr. Cohen said, noting that people with chronic conditions like high blood pressure, headaches and depression often gave up trying to treat their illnesses when they found that the cure was w
38、orse than the disease. But if doctors were to individualize dosages for each patient, more people might take their medicine. Dr. Cohen said he became aware of the problem because he encountered many patients who suffered from side effects even though they had taken what were supposedly the correct d
39、oses of medicine. When Dr. Cohen consulted medical journals and textbooks, he discovered studies showing that many patients were helped by smaller than usual amounts of medication. And many of his own patients did better with reduced doses of medicine. He said his findings helped explain a study pub
40、lished last year by other researchers, who reported that drug reactions in hospitals were among the nation“ s leading causes of death, killing more than 100,000 Americans a year. The deaths that the team studied were not due to medication errors by doctors or patients; they occurred in people taking
41、 doses thought to be correct. Dosing guidelines generally tend to be too high because they are based on studies conducted in limited numbers of patients by drug companies when they are seeking approval for new products. For those studies to run efficiently, doses need to be high enough to show as qu
42、ickly as possible that the drug works. But later, after the drug is approved, far more people take it, sometimes along with other drugs, and individual differences begin to show up. Yet, that information does not always make it into the PDR and it is not well taught in medical school, Cohen said. Dr
43、. Cohen cautioned that patients should not begin tinkering with doses pf prescription drugs on their own. He said they needed to work with doctors to adjust the doses safely. With some drugs, doses cannot be changed. And in emergencies, he said, it is always safest to stick with recommended doses.（分
44、数：5.00）(1).In what way did Dr. Cohen help explain why so many Americans die of drug reactions ?（分数：1.00）A.He found out the mistakes of PDR.B.He lowered the drug doses in treating patients.C.He used different doses according to individuals.D.He suggested medical schools teach the importance of loweri
45、ng doses.(2).What kind of adverse reactions may the doses recommended by PDR cause?（分数：1.00）A.Nausea, death and“ high cholesterol.B.Nausea, dizziness and insomnia.C.Nausea, death and high blood pressure.D.Nausea, dizziness and death.(3).We may infer from the text that（分数：1.00）A.drug companies are no
46、t responsible for its drugs.B.medical doctors should not follow PDR mechanically.C.Dr. Cohen is a sceptic.D.side effect should not be neglected.(4).In the last paragraph, the phrase “tinkering with“ may be replaced by（分数：1.00）A.trifling with.B.concurring with.C.fiddling with.D.playing with.(5).What
47、is the main message of the text?（分数：1.00）A.More than 100,000 Americans were killed by drug reactions.B.PDR should be revised.C.Lowering drug doses may cut side effects.D.Medical schools should teach individualized dosing.七、Part B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It was a cold day. I sat in my room writing letters. I
48、glanced out of the window. In the window directly opposite me stood Herr Stroh, gazing blatantly upon me. I was annoyed at his interest. I pulled down the blind and switched on the light to continue my writing. But the drawn blind and the artificial light irritated me, and suddenly I didn“t see why
49、I should“t write my let- tees by daylight without being stared at. I switched off the light and released the blind. Herr Stroh had gone. I concluded that he had taken my action as a signal of disapproval, and I settled back to write. 1 I left my room and went down to complain to Frau Lublonitsch. “She“s gone to the market,“ Gertha said. “She“s 11 be back in half an hour.“ 2 “I shah tell Fran Chef, “she said. Something in her manner made me ask, “Has this ever happened before?“ “Once or twice this year, “she said.“ I“ll speak to Frau Chef. “And she added, with h
