1、公共英语五级-208 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations, 1 to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect educationa
2、l achievement. The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from preschool to 40-plus, also suggests 2 pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far 3 attention to correct pen grip and handwriting style. Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teach
3、er 4 findings have been published, was inspired to investigate this area 5 he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling 6 had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link 7 pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he 8 find huge dif
4、ferences in technique between the young children and the mature adults, and a definite 9 between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing. People who 10 their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics 11 inhibit learning, 12 as poor posture, leaning too 13 to the desk, using f
5、our fingers to grip the pen 14 than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure 15 is being written). Mr. Thomas believes that the 16 between elder and younger writers is 17 too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow 18
6、 . He attributes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between 19 groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. “The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips, 20 the over 40s group all had a
7、uniform “tripod“ grip.“（分数：40.00）二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Asso
8、ciation to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, hav
9、ing people as chubby as ever. This is the fad ash movement that causes America“s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies (Ballantine, 1996), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill peop
10、le; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Michael Fnmento, author of The Fat of the Land (Viking, 1997), an antifatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser“s logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of
11、 all the blood vessels in his neck, and. the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket. Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pres-sure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes
12、. Being 40% overweight makes people 30%-50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim. The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is
13、not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calories-or a spoonful of m
14、ayonnaisea day. An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush“ s Eat More, Weight Less (Harper Collies, 1993) and Date Atrens“s Don“t Diet (William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans“ weight has ballooned over the l
15、ast few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people“s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exe
16、rcising reduce weight. Certainly, the body“s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dange
17、rous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up. To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.（分数：10.00）(1).The two Brooklynites in the first paragraph were _.（分数：2.00）A.members of the NAAFAB.typical victims of overweightC.members of the
18、“fatlash“ movementD.proof that the fatlash movement is gaining strength(2).The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance holds that _.（分数：2.00）A.fat people should try to lose weightB.eating less is harmful to people“s healthC.fat people were horn that wayD.obesity is good for people(3).What can
19、 be concluded according to the author“s view of the “obesity genes“?（分数：2.00）A.People with a genetic inclination to gain weight Can slim.B.People who are horn fat will remain that way all life.C.All efforts to lose weight will prove fruitless.D.Fat people can live a very happy life, too.(4).The word
20、 “fib“ in the fourth sentence of Paragraph 5, probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.to tell the truthB.to reduceC.to increaseD.to tell a small lie(5).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.Americans“ caloric intake has dropped over the last few decades.B.Many people who try to lose weight give u
21、p half way.C.Americans are always aware of how much they eat.D.Obesity does no harm to people“s health.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protect
22、ing civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant. In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of in
23、vestigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups ex-pressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of
24、U.S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and
25、electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism. In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were
26、 previously believed to be “off-limits“, the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the Children“s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through le
27、gislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete o
28、r not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules. An analysis earlier this year of 751 U
29、. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what fights consumers have over their own information. At a minimum, Congress should pass leg
30、islation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, in-form consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Internet privacy
31、 bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circum-stances change the nature of the online privacy debate is stif
32、f to be seen.（分数：10.00）(1).Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist on（分数：2.00）A.the priority of the former actionB.the execution of the latter at the expense of the formerC.tightening both policies at the same timeD.a balance betwe
33、en the two actions(2).The author implies in the second paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustifiedB.surveillance of any suspect communication is necessaryC.civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concernD.exceptions should be made in intercept
34、ing communications(3).In the eyes of the author, the Financial Service Modernization Act _.（分数：2.00）A.serves no more than as a new patch on an old robeB.indicates the Congress“s admirable move to protect privacyC.invades online consumer privacy rather than protect itD.is deficient in that it leaves
35、many sectors unshielded(4).Privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because _.（分数：2.00）A.the standards of different states contradict each otherB.online communication is not restricted to any stateC.these standards ignore the federal law on the matterD.these standards are only app
36、licable to regional Web sites(5).The expression “opt out of such data collection“ (in the last paragraph) probably means（分数：2.00）A.pick out from such data the information one needsB.shift through such data to collect one“s own informationC.evaluate the purpose for such data collectionD.choose not to
37、 be involved in such data collection六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs (翘边帽) and two-toe shoes; yet he has become something of a legend in America“s police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to hi
38、gh-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime. First, police departments have to sort themselves out: root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, th
39、ey have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to sp
40、ot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat“s statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city“s police chief and precinct captains. Messrs Maple and Linder (“specialists in crime-reduction services“) have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they
41、 introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by 22% in a year; when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, violent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50,000 a month for these two men to
42、put them straight. Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D.C., has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department
43、has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst. The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the im
44、prisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100,000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9.4%, almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologist argue, one set of figures
45、 is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling. A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actuality concluded that the tripling of the prison population between 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%.
46、Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug of-fences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of
47、 those jailed; since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1,000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drug offences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails with drug-pushers and a
48、decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones diverge: the placer where crime has dropped most sharply (such as New York City) are not always the places where incarceration has risen fastest.（分数：10.00）(1).Jack Maple started his career in _.（分数：2.00）A
49、.PhiladelphiaB.OregonC.New OrleansD.New York(2).According to, Jack Maple, to cut crime（分数：2.00）A.the heads of police department should make more contact with the criminalsB.the government should educate the residents moreC.a computer system called Comstat should be adopted by the policeD.the criminals should be severely punished(3).In New York _.（分数：2.00）A.violent crime dropped by 23% in one yearB.police departments pay as much as $50,000 for Jack MapleC.the crime rate is highD.Comstat“s statistical maps are analyzed every week(4).The meaning of the
