1、公共英语五级-178 及答案解析(总分：105.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Information Superhighway at WorkThe changes in how we communicate make it necessary to change how we think about communication. The Information Superhighway is a new way of looking at (1) communicatio
2、n. It can be broken down into four components.People are the travelers and (2) of the Superhighway. Many people plan, design, establish, maintain, and develop the appliances of the Superhighway. Others investigate the news, do the programming, and produce ideas.(3) is the information on the Superhig
3、hway. It travels over the Superhighway and remains as varied as the people who send and receive it.Networks are the roadways that carry information between appliances. They are used to (4) data, graphics, and video across neighborhoods, states and countries. Right now, we become familiar with televi
4、sion, radio, telephone, (5) and wireless networks.Appliances are the (6) of the Information Superhighway. They are the devices people use to (7) , send, and receive information. Many appliances, such as telephones, fax machines, computers and modems, are popular nowadays.The Information Superhighway
5、 is the combination and (8) of all four components, and it wll connect us all and (9) everyone.Now, the Information Superhighway is under (10) , and very soon more lanes are to be added in an ever-growing network of communications information, innovation, and opportunity.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
6、1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the interview, which o
7、f the following statements is TRUE about Sam?A He has rushed out to get the crib. B He is going to have a baby soon.C He is not good at family budget. D He doesnt plan properly for his life.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).When it comes to nursing articles, Sam suggests that parents shouldA go to a Costco. B bu
8、y in large quantity.C ask for others favor. D buy second-hand items.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Sometimes parents buy the best thing in all the labels because it is aboutA price. B quality.C status. D safety.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).If parents want to know how they spend the money, they shouldA figure out wher
9、e the money goes. B take a piece of paper with them.C budget for a baby every day. D note down every expense.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).According to the interviewee, parents can do all of the following to save money EXCEPTA swaping clothes with other parents. B buying clothes in discount stores.C buying f
10、ancy newborn equipment. D going on eBay to buy nursing articles.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)1.Steve Fossett landed in his destination ahead of scheduled time becauseA there was something wrong with the generator.B the pilots of the aircraft went on a strike.C there was no electrical p
11、ower in the battery.D he didnt know how to generate electricity.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：2.00）(1).The executive director of Transparency International Kenyan was dismissed because he_.A. was unable to enforce some regulationsB. tried to gain some financial profits in the name of Transparency Internation
12、alC. failed to earn financial profits for Transparency InternationalD. was unable to sign contracts with a company（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The accusation of Mwalimu Mati seemed to be_.A. ungrounded B. ironicalC. awarding D. in expectation（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：2.00）(1).The price drop of crude oil is benef
13、icial in that it A helps to revitalize the world economy. B promotes oil export to other nations. C helps to push up the regional economy. D provides an opportunity to the oil exporters.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).From the news, we can infer that those economic managers in Washington _ the recent state of
14、crude markets. A are pessimistic about B are indifferent to C have underestimated D are in favor of（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READING COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Fish farming in the desert may at first sound like an anomaly, but in Israel over the last decade a scientific hunch has turne
15、d into a bustling business.Scientists here say they realized they were no to something when they found that brackish water drilled from underground desert aquifers (含土水层) hundreds of feet deep could be used to raise warm-water fish. The geothermal water, less than one-tenth as saline as sea water, f
16、ree of pollutants and a toasty 98 degrees on average, proved an ideal match.“It was not simple to convince people that growing fish in the desert makes sense,“ said Samuel Appelbaum, a professor and fish biologist at the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research at the Sede Boqer campus of Ben-
17、Gurion University of the Negev.“It is important to stop with the reputation that arid land is nonfertile, useless land,“ said Professor Appelbaum, who pioneered the concept of desert aquaculture in Israel in the late 1980s. “We should consider arid land where subsurface water exists as land that has
18、 great opportunities, especially in food production because of the low level of competition on the land itself and because it gives opportunities to its inhabitants.“The next step in this country, where water is scarce and expensive, was to show farmers that they could later use the water in which t
19、he fish are raised to irrigate their crops in a system called double usage. The organic waste produced by the cultured fish makes the water especially useful, because it acts as fertilizer for the crops.Fields watered by brackish water dot Israels Negev and Arava Deserts in the south of the country,
20、 where they spread out like green blankets against a landscape of sand dunes and rocky outcrops. At Kibbutz Mashabbe Sade in the Negev, the recycled water from the fish ponds is used to irrigate acres of olive and jojoba groves. Elsewhere it is also used for irrigating date palms and alfalfa.The cha
21、in of multiple users for the water is potentially a model that can be copied, especially in arid third world countries where farmers struggle to produce crops, and Israeli scientists have recently been peddling their ideas abroad.Dry lands cover about 40 percent of the planet, and the people who liv
22、e on them are often among the poorest in the world. Scientists are working to share the desert aquaculture technology they fine-turned here with Tanzania, India, Australia and China, among others. (Similar methods offish farming are being used in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona.)“Each farm could run i
23、tself, which is important in the developing world,“ said Alon Tal, a leading Israeli environmental activist who recently organized a conference on desertification, with the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Ben-Gurion University, that brought policy makers and scientists from 3
24、0 countries to Israel.“A whole village could adopt such a system,“ Dr. Tal added.At the conference, Gregoire de Kalbermatten, deputy secretary general of the antidesertification group at the United Nations, said, “We need to learn from the resilience of Israel in developing dry lands.“Israel, long h
25、eralded for its agricultural success in the desert through innovative technologies like drip irrigation, has found ways to use low-quality water and what is considered terrible soil to grow produce like sweet cherry tomatoes, people, asparagus and melon, marketing much of it abroad to Europe, especi
26、ally during winter.The history of fish-farming in nondesert areas here, mostly in the Galilee region near the sea, dates back to the late 1920s, before Israel was established as a state. At the time, the country was extremely poor and meat was considered a luxury. But fish was a cheap food source, s
27、o fish farms were set up on several kibbutzim in the Galilee.The early Jewish farmers were mostly Eastern Europeans, and Professor Safriel said, “they only knew gefilte fish, so they grew carp.“Eventually they expanded to other varieties of fish including tilapia, striped bass and mullet, as well as
28、 ornamental fish.The past decade has seen the establishment of about 15 fish farms producing both edible and ornamental fish in the Negev and Arava Deserts.Fish farming, meanwhile, has became more lucrative worldwide as people seek more fish in their diet for better health, and ocean fisheries incre
29、asingly are being depleted.The practice is not without critics, who say it can harm the environment and the fish. In Israel there was a decision by the government to stop fish fanning in the Red Sea near the southern city of Eilat by 2008 because it was deemed damaging to nearby coral reefs.Some als
30、o argue that the industry is not sustainable in the long term because most of the fish that are fanned are carnivorous and must be fed a protein-rich diet of other fish, usually caught in the wild. Another criticism is that large numbers of fish are kept in relatively small areas, leading to a highe
31、r risk of disease.Professor Appelbaum said the controversy surrounding fish farming in ocean areas does not apply to desert aquaculture, which is in an isolated, controlled area, with much less competition for resources.（分数：5.00）(1).Fish farming in the desert is possible because_. Afresh water can b
32、e drilled from underground desert aquifersBthe water drilled from the underground desert aquifers is only one-tenth as salty as sea waterCthe water drilled from the underground desert aquifers contains more nutritious elements than fresh waterDthe water drilled from the underground desert aquifers i
33、s not as hot as the sea water（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to Professor Appelbaum, what is the important step to convince people it is possible to develop fish farming in desert?ATo inform them fish farming is a lucrative industry worldwide as people seek more fish in their diet for better health.B
34、To rid them of the preconception that arid land is unfertile and useless.CTo help them with technical support.DTo persuade government to provide more economic support.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Israeli scientists are working to share their desert aquaculture technology with countries like Tanzania, India
35、and China because_.Aall of them are third world countriesBthese countries are still struggling with lack of enough foodCthese countries are covered by large areas of dry landDpeople who live in these countries are among the poorest in the world（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to Uriel Safriel, what is
36、 the important force that drivers Israeli scientists to develop desert aquiculture as well as agriculture technologies?AThe fact that Israel is a country where fresh water is scarce and valuable.BThe fact that Israelis are forced to wring food from arid lands.CThe Israeli determination to reconstruc
37、t their country.DThe Hebrew belief that desert is a reconstruct their country.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following statements offish farming in Israel is right?AThe history offish farming in desert in Israel can be traced back to the 1920s.BFish farming in desert may to harm to the environmen
38、t.CFish farming in desert may not be sustainable in the long term.DFish farming in desert is more advantageous than that in ocean areas.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：6.00)People do not have secret trolleys at the supermarket, so how can it be a violation of their privacy if a grocer sells their
39、 purchasing habits to a marketing firm? If they walk around in public view, what harm can cameras recording their movements cause? A company is paying them to do a job, so why should it not read their e-mails when they are at work?How, what and why, indeed. Yet, in all these situations, most people
40、feel a sense of unease. The technology for gathering, storing, manipulating and sharing information has become part of the scenery, but there is little guidance on how to resolve the conflicts created by all the personal data now washing around.A group of computer scientists at Stanford University,
41、led by John. Mitchell, has started to address the problem in a novel way. Instead of relying on rigid (and easily programmable) codes of what is and is not acceptable, Dr. Mitchell and his colleagues Adam Barth and Anupam Datta have turned to a philosophical theory called contextual integrity. This
42、theory acknowledges that people do not require complete privacy. They will happily share information with others as long as certain social norms are met. Only when these norms are contravened-for example, when your psychiatrist tells the personnel department all about your consultation-has your priv
43、acy been invaded. The team think contextual integrity can be used to express the conventions and laws surrounding privacy in the formal vernacular of a computer language.Contextual integrity, which was developed by Helen Nissenbaum of New York University, relies on four classes of variable. These ar
44、e the context of a flow of information, the capacities in which the individuals sending and receiving the information are acting, the types of information involved, and what she calls the “principle of transmission“.It is the fourth of these variables that describes the basis on which information fl
45、ows. Someone might, for example, receive information under the terms of a commercial exchange, or because he deserves it, or because someone chose to share it with him, or because it came to him as a legal right, or because he promised to keep it secret. These are all examples of transmission princi
46、ples.Dr. Nissenbaum has been working with Mr. Barth to turn these wordy descriptions of the variables of contextual integrity into formal expressions that can be incorporated into computer programs. The tool Mr. Barth is employing to effect this transition is linear temporal logic, a system of mathe
47、matical logic that can express detailed constraints on the past and the future.Linear temporal logic is an established discipline. It is, for example, used to test safety critical systems, such as aeroplane flight controls. The main difference between computer programs based on linear temporal logic
48、 and those using other sorts of programming language is that the former describe how the world ought to be, whereas the latter list specific instructions for the computer to carry out in order to achieve a particular end. The former say something like: “If you need milk, you ought eventually to arri
49、ve at the shop. “The latter might say: “Check the refrigerator. If there is no milk, get in your car. Start driving. Turn left at the corner. Park. Walk into the shop.“Dr. Mitchell and his team have already written logical formulae that they believe express a number of American privacy laws, including those c
