1、公共英语四级-阅读理解题(一)及答案解析(总分：125.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Unit 1(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：5.00)If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they
2、are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the changes of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadl
3、y that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the international creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the
4、dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only
5、interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately pi
6、cking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let t
7、hemselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.（分数：5.00）(1).Designers and big stores always make money_.（分数：1.00）A.by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB.because
8、 they are capable of predicting new fashionsC.by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothingD.because they attach greater importance to quality in womens clothin(2).To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as_.（分数：1.00）A.a waste of moneyB.a waste of timeC.
9、an expression of tasteD.an expression of creativity(3).The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the_of clothing.（分数：1.00）A.costB.appearanceC.comfortD.suitability(4).By saying the conclusions to be drawn are obvious“ (Paragraph 4, Line 12), the writer means that_.（
10、分数：1.00）A.womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed atB.women are better able to put up with discomfortC.men are also exploited greatly by fashion designersD.men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion.(5).According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?
11、（分数：1.00）A.New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.B.The constant changes in womens clothing reflect their strength of character.C.The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.D.Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welc
12、omed by women.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Crime is a subject on which people have strong opinions. Some believe society creates criminals; others think the prison system is at fault. Others still say it is individuals who are to blame. The truth is that we dont really know what makes people turn to crime
13、, but it seems likely that it is a combination of the above factors, rather than a single cause.There is, however, one thing we can be sure of: when crime fallssomething which admittedly doesnt happen very oftenevery politician around will claim credit for it.President Clinton was the first to do so
14、. During the American Presidential campaign in 1996, he claimed his government was responsible for falling crime rates in the U.S. which had been dropping for five years in a row. “We are making a difference,“ he declared “our neighborhoods are safer, and we are bringing back the American Peoples co
15、nfidence that crime can be reduced.“At first sight, one might be tempted to believe him, particularly if one looks at the situation in New York. Here, many neighborhoods which used to be crime-ridden are certainly safer. Last year, fewer than 1000 people were killed in the Big Apple. This is the low
16、est recorded number since 1968, and less than half the number recorded in 1990, when 2245 died as a result of crime. But while President Clinton was busy claiming credit for reducing crime across the country, New Yorks Republican mayor, Rudolph Giuliani was quick to point out that his “zero-toleranc
17、e“ policy was the reason crime rates in New York were falling. “Zero-tolerance“ works on the principle that smaller crimes lead to bigger offences. This policy has, according to Mayor Giuliani, sent a message to more serious criminals.（分数：5.00）(1).The word “credit“ (Par（分数：1.00）A.2) means_.A. respon
18、sibilitiesB. condemnC. beliefD. criticism(2).According to the passage, which of the following is true?（分数：1.00）A.Some believe the prison system should be abolished.B.The major reason for criminals is society.C.People dont show much concern about crime.D.People disagree with each other about what cre
19、ates criminals.(3).What does “the Big Apple“ (Para. 3) refer to?（分数：1.00）A.A town in New York.B.A supermarket in New York.C.New York itself.D.A theatre in USA.(4).What does the “zero-tolerance“ holder believe?（分数：1.00）A.The smaller crimes can lead to bigger ones.B.People who commit minor crimes will
20、 get more serious punishment than before.C.People in New York complain about it.D.Police are allowed to show their sympathy towards the criminals.(5).Which of the following can you safely infer from the passage?（分数：1.00）A.New York is more dangerous now than it used to be.B.It was President Clinton w
21、ho put forward the “zero-tolerance“ policy.C.The priority for president Clinton was to reduce the crimes across the whole nation after he won the presidential campaign in 1996.D.Both President Clinton and New Yorks mayor, Rudolph Giuliani are good examples of claiming credits.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：5.00)
22、Testing has replaced teaching in most public schools. My own childrens school week is framed by pretests, drills, tests, and retests. They know that the best way to read a textbook is to look at the questions at the end of the chapter and then skim the text for the answers. I believe that my daughte
23、r Erica, who gets excellent marks, has never read a chapter of any of her school textbooks all the way through. And teachers are often heard to state proudly and openly that they teach to the mandated state test.Teaching to the test is a curious phenomenon. Instead of deciding what skills students o
24、ught to learn, helping students learn them, and then using some sensible methods of assessment to discover whether students have mastered the skills, teachers are encouraged to reverse the process. First one looks at a commercially available test. Then one distills the skills needed not to master re
25、ading, say, or math, but to do well on the test. Finally, the test skills are taught.The ability to read or write or calculate might imply the ability to do reasonably well on standardized tests. However, neither reading nor writing develops simply through being taught to take tests. We must be care
26、ful to avoid mistaking preparation for a test of a skill with the acquisition of that skill. Too many discussions of basic skills make this fundamental confusion because people are test obsessed rather than concerned with the nature and quality of what is taught.Recently many schools have faced what
27、 could be called the crisis of comprehension or, in simple terms, the phenomenon of students with phonic and grammar skills still being unable to understand what they read. These students are competent at test taking and filling in workbooks and ditto masters. However, they have little or no experie
28、nce reading or thinking, and talking about what they read. They know the details but cant see or understand the whole. They are taught to be so concerned with grade that they have no time or ease of mind to think about meaning, and reread things if necessary.（分数：5.00）(1).The author gives an account
29、of Ericas performance in her study in order to_.（分数：1.00）A.illustrate her cleverness in test-takingB.reveal the incompetence of teachersC.show there is something wrong with current practice in teachingD.demonstrate the best way to read textbooks(2).Which of the following is true according to the pas
30、sage?（分数：1.00）A.The phenomenon of teaching to the test has aroused curiosity in many educators.B.Skills in general are not only useless but often lead students astray.C.Ability to read and write is one thing, and ability to do well on standardized tests is quite another.D.Preparation for a test of a
31、 skill does not necessarily mean the acquisition of that skill.(3).The author insists that_.（分数：1.00）A.mandated state tests be replaced by some more sensible methods of assessmentB.teachers pay more attention to the nature and quality of what is taughtC.students not be concerned with grades but do m
32、ore reading and thinkingD.radical changes be brought about in the general approach to teaching(4).We can safely conclude that_may cause educational problems.（分数：1.00）A.test obsessionB.standardized testsC.test-takingD.preparation for mandated state tests(5).By “crisis of comprehension“ the author mea
33、ns many students_（分数：1.00）A.are too much concerned with gradesB.fail to understand the real goal of educationC.lack proper practice in phonic and grammar drillsD.are unable to understand what they read, though they do reasonably well on standardized tests六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Real policemen hardly
34、recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV. These are similarities, of course, but the cops dont think much of them.The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves round the law. Most of his training is in criminal law, and what is more, he has to apply it on
35、his feet, in the dark and rain, running down an alley after someone he wants to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting to a scantily-clad or in dramatic confrontation with desperate criminals. He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundre
36、ds of sad, unimportant people who are guiltyor notof stupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminals as soon as hes arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks
37、whose failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the police. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up most wanted men. Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of differ
38、ent evidence. Much of this has to be given by people who dont want to get involved in a court case. So, as well as being overworked, a detective has to be out at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuading them, usually against their own best interests, to help him.A thi
39、rd big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant moral twilight in which the real one lives. Detectives are subject to two opposing pressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to get results. Second, they have to observe the rules. They can hardly
40、ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.（分数：5.00）(1).It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law_.（分数：1.00）A.so that he can catch criminals in the streetsB.because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerousC.so that he can justify
41、his arrests in courtD.because he has to know nearly as much about as a professional lawyer(2).The everyday life of a policeman or detective is_.（分数：1.00）A.exciting and glamorousB.full of dangerC.devoted mostly to routine mattersD.wasted on unimportant matters(3).When murders and terrorist attacks oc
42、cur the police_.（分数：1.00）A.prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself awayB.spend a lot of effort on trying to track down their manC.try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputationD.usually fail to produce results(4).The real detective lives in an unpleasant moral twilight. The
43、underlined part implies_.（分数：1.00）A.he is an expensive public servantB.he must always behave with absolute legalityC.he is obliged to break the law in order to preserve itD.he feels himself to be cut off from the rest of the world(5).What is the second difference between the drama detective and the
44、real one?（分数：1.00）A.It is not difficult to make an arrest for a real detective.B.He has to do much work after finishing arresting.C.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work.D.Both A and B.七、Part B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Do students learn from programmed instruction? The search leaves us in no
45、 doubt of this. They do, indeed, learn. They learn from linear programs, from branching programs built on the Skinnerian model, from scrambled books of the Crowder type, from pressure review tests with immediate knowledge of results, from programs on machines or programs in texts. Many kinds of stud
46、ents learn, college, high school, secondary, primary, preschool, adult, professional, skilled labor, clerical employees, military, deaf, retarded, imprisoned, every kind of student that programs have been tried on. Using programs these students are able to learn mathematics and science at different
47、levels, foreign languages, English language correctness, the details of the U.S. Constitution, spelling, electronics, computer science, psychology, statistics, business skills, reading skills, flying rules, and many other subjects. The limits of the topics which can be studied efficiently by means o
48、f programs are not yet known.(22)For each of the kinds of subject matters and the kinds of students mentioned above, experiments have rated that a considerable amount of learning can be derived from programs; this learning has been measured either by comparing pre-and post-test or the time and trial
49、s needed to reach a set criterion of performance.But the question, how well do students learn from programs as competed to how well they learn from other kinds of instruction, we cannot answer quite so confidently.(23)Experimental psychologists typically do not take seriously the evaluative experiments in which learning from programs is compared with learning from conventional teaching. Such experiments are doubtless useful, they say, for school administrators or teachers to prove to themselves (or their
