1、公共英语四级-471 及答案解析(总分：104.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、PART LISTENING COM(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、SECTION A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)British Education. British Education ActsA. 1870 Act: inspired by the example of mass (1) in Germany (1)_B. 1902 Act:-established local education authorities (LEAs)-established (2) for secondary educa
2、tion (2)_C. 1944 Act: established age of free and compulsory secondary educationD. 1988 Act=free individual schools from LEAs. Contrasts with American EducationA. State schools in Britain vs. public schools in AmericaB. Grammar schools: (3) schools (3)_C. Secondary modern schools=providing vocationa
3、l education. Types of Schools in BritainA. Private boarding schoole. g. Eton College, Harrow School, Rugby School, and Winchester School.-attended by the wealthy and influential due to high (4) (4)_including:-preparatory schools (age of 7 to the age of 11,12 or 13)- (5) schools (age of 11,12,or 13 t
4、o 18 or 19) (5)_B. Schools supported with public fundse.g. -state schools: owned and funded by LEAs- (6) schools: established and funded by religious groups (6)_ -self-governing or (7) (GM) schools: receiving funds directly from (7)_ the government-specialist schools: connected to a private (8) (8)_
5、C. Comprehensive schools (in Scotland)serving students of all abilitiesD. Schools subordinate to religious groups (in Northern Ireland)- (9) school: maintained by the catholic or the Protestant church (9)_- (10) schools (10)_（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
6、项 1:_三、SECTION B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)(1).Linda learned about square -foot gardening _.A. by attending a class B. from her parentsC. through a gardening magazine D. by learning form her friend（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is the main benefit of developing a square - foot garden?A. You can grow vegetables verti
7、cally.B. You can raise plants in a confined area.C. You can plant a wide variety of plants together.D. You can make a lot of profit.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which point was NOT mentioned in starting this type of garden?A. Sunlight B. Location. C. Soil. D. Good drainage.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which list of
8、 plants does Linda mention in her garden?A. Tomatoes, beets, egg plant, and squash.B. Strawberries, green peppers, okra, and tomatillos.C. Basil, onions, cantaloupe, and banana peppers.D. Carrots, cucumbers, pumpkins, potatoes.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).What will happen at the end of the show?A. Linda wil
9、l give tips on how to prepare the soil.B. Linda will discuss building a green house.C. Linda will give a tour of her garden.D. Linda will invite her friends to her house.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.四、SECTION C(总题数：3，分数：5.00)1. In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer
10、 the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.What is the main idea of the news item?A A new government was formed after Sundays elections.B The new government intends to change the welfare system.C The Social Democratic Party founded the welfare
11、system.D The Social Democratic Party was responsible for high unemployment.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.2.The Philippine government has bannedA news reports about the fighting in the Philippines.B news reports about the fighting in the villages.C news reports about the fighting on Jolo Island.D some newspapers.
12、（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.（分数：3.00）(1).How do the scientists measure the pitch?A. According to the movement and vibrations of hot gassesB. The trade winds blow on EarthC. The riversD. The sound travel through the space（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).We should when we want to glimpse inside the sun.A. answer questions a
13、bout its temperatureB. translate the sounds into imagesC. know how gases inside ebb and flowD. measure the pitch（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What did they find out?A. An equatorial belt of faster moving material.B. The solar sound.C. A sun orbiting satellite.D. An other plantet.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.五、PART READI
14、NG COMPR(总题数：0，分数：0.00)六、TEXT A(总题数：1，分数：5.00)How exercise affects body weight is one of the more intriguing and vexing issues in physiology. Exercise burns calories, no one doubts that, and so it should, in theory, produce weight loss, a fact that has prompted countless people to undertake exercise
15、 programs to shed pounds. Without significantly changing their diets, few succeed. “Anecdotally, all of us have been cornered by people claiming to have spent hours each week walking. running, stair-stepping, etc., and are displeased with the results on the scale or in the mirror, “wrote Barry Braun
16、. an associate professor of kinesiology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst.But a growing body of science suggests that exercise does have an important role in weight loss. That role, however, is different from what many people expect and probably wish. The newest science suggests that exe
17、rcise alone will not make you thin, but it may determine whether you stay thin, if you can achieve that state. Until recently, the bodily mechanisms involved were mysterious. But scientists are slowly teasing out exercises impact on metabolism, appetite and body composition , though the consequences
18、 of exercise can vary. Womens bodies, for instance, seem to react differently than mens bodies to the metabolic effects of exercise. None of which is a reason to abandon exercise as a weight-loss tool. You just have to understand what exercise can and cannot do.“In general, exercise by itself is pre
19、tty useless for weight loss, “says Eric Ravussin, an expert on weight loss. Its especially useless because people often end up consuming more calories when they exercise. The mathematics of weight loss is, in fact, quite simple, involving only subtraction. “Take in fewer calories than you burn, put
20、yourself in negative energy balance, lose weight, “says Braun, who has been studying exercise and weight loss for years. The deficit in calories can result from cutting back your food intake or from increasing your energy output the amount of exercise you complete or both. When researchers affiliate
21、d with the Pennington center had volunteers reduce their energy balance for a study by either cutting their calorie intakes by 25 percent or increasing their daily exercise by 12.5 percent and cutting their calories by 12.5 percent, everyone involved lost weight. They all lost about the same amount
22、of weight too about a pound a week. But in the exercising group, the dose of exercise required was nearly an hour a day of moderate-intensity activity. What the federal government currently recommends for weight loss is “a lot more than what many people would be able or willing to do,“ Ravussin says
23、.At the same time, as many people have found after starting a new exercise regimen, working out can have a significant effect on appetite. The mechanisms that control appetite and energy balance in the human body are elegantly calibrated. “The body aims for homeostasis, “ Braun says. It likes to rem
24、ain at whatever weight its used to. So even small changes in energy balance can produce rapid changes in certain hormones associated with appetite, particularly acylated ghrelin, which is known to increase the desire for food, as well as insulin and leptin, hormones that affect how the body burns fu
25、el.The effects of exercise on the appetite and energy systems, however, are by no means consistent. In one study presented last year at the annual conference of the American College of Sports Medicine, when healthy young men ran for an hour and a half on a treadmill at a fairly high intensity, their
26、 blood concentrations of acylated ghrelin fell, and food held little appeal for the rest of that day. Exercise blunted their appetites. A study that Braun oversaw had a slightly different outcome. In it, 18 overweight men and women walked on treadmills in multiple sessions while either eating enough
27、 that day to replace the calories burned during exercise or not. Afterward, the men displayed little or no changes in their energy-regulating hormones or their appetites, much as in the other study. But the women uniformly had increased blood concentrations of acylated ghrelin and decreased concentr
28、ations of insulin after the sessions in which they had eaten less than they had burned. Their bodies were directing them to replace the lost calories. In physiological terms, the results “are consistent with the paradigm that mechanisms to maintain body fat are more effective in women, “Braun and hi
29、s colleagues wrote. In practical terms, the results are scientific proof that life is unfair. Female bodies, inspired almost certainly“ by a biological need to maintain energy stores for reproduction, “Braun says, fight hard to hold on to every ounce of fat. Exercise for many women increases the des
30、ire to eat.（分数：5.00）(1).We can infer from the text thatA going on diet will definitely lead to weight loss.B the theory of exercise burning calories is challenged.C it is often disappointing to lose weight by doing exercise.D most people tend to spend hours walking, running, etc.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2)
31、.The phrase “teasing out“ in Paragraph 2 probably means succeeding inA testing out something that is unknown.B learning information that is hidden.C making use of information that is hidden.D putting effort into something that is unknown.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following statements may be
32、CORRECT about exerciseA The more exercise you do, the more weight you will lose.B The dose of exercise recommended now might be reduced.C Moderate-intensity activities are the best exercise for dieters.D Dieters should take various forms of exercise to lose weight.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be infe
33、rred from the passage that _ can give you an appetite.A increased blood concentrations of insulinB decreased blood concentrations of insulinC decreased blood concentrations of acylated ghrelinD increased blood concentrations of acylated ghrelin（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).The best title for the passage is p
34、robablyA Exercise and Weight Loss. B Weighing the Evidence on Exercise.C Effect of Exercise on Men and Women. D Calories, Exercise and Weight Loss.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.七、TEXT B(总题数：1，分数：5.00)The dark smoke that comes out of stacks or from a burning dump contains tiny bits of solid or liquid matter. The
35、smoke also contains many gases, most of which cannot be seen. Altogether, they make up the serious problems of air pollution. In so many places it keeps us from seeing the sun, irritates our eyes, causes us to cough, and makes us ill.Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from o
36、ne country to another. Some northern European countries have had “black snow“ from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem.Air pollution can kill babies, older people , and those who have respirator
37、y (呼吸道的) diseases. In London, in 1952, four thousand people died in one week as a result of a serious air-pollution episode. In 1948, in the small town of Donora, Pennsylvania, twenty people died in a four-day period of bad air pollution.At levels often found in cities, air pollution increases the r
38、isks of certain lung diseases, such as emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma. Of course, smoking and other factors help to cause these illnesses, too, but these cases have increased greatly during recent years as air pollution has become worse. Air pollution can cause both airplane and auto accidents be
39、cause it cuts down visibility. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution that we dont know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells.These changes might cause babies to be born with serious
40、birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals we are apt to take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead
41、 of waiting until we learn all the answers.Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It soils and corrodes our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is astronomical. It would be much more worthwhile,
42、both for us and for the environment, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control.（分数：5.00）(1).The author mentions people dying of air pollution in _.A. Illinois B. Pennsylvania C. New Jersey D. Washington（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Air pollution causes airplane accidents because _.A. pilots become il
43、l B. visibility is reduced C. engines fail. D. the air is too hot（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Scientists are trying to find a link between pollution and _.A. intelligence levels B. antisocial behavior C. birth defects D. divorce percentage（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Scientists have not yet determined _.A. all of t
44、he effects of pollution on the human body B. how pollution can be controlled successfullyC. when the atmosphere first became polluted D. how to wash the black snow clean（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).We can conclude that _.A. civilization may be doomed if pollution is not controlledB. pollution is more seriou
45、s in Europe than it is in AmericaC. most people do not know that pollution is a serious problemD. black snow is not so serious compared with white snow（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.八、TEXT C(总题数：1，分数：5.00)Minority youths are more likely to face trial as adults.A white kid sells a bag of cocaine at his suburban hi
46、gh school. A Latino kid does the same hi his inner-city neighborhood. Both get caught. Both are first-time offenders. The white kid walks into juvenile court with his parents, his priest, a good lawyer and medical coverage. The Latino kid walks into court with his mom, no legal resources and no insu
47、rance. The judge lets the white kid go with his family; hes placed in a private treatment program. The minority kid has no such option. Hes detained. There, hi n nutshell, is what happens more and more often in the juvenile-court system. Minority youths arrested on violent felony charges in Californ
48、ia are more than twice as likely as their white counterparts to be transferred out of the juvenile-justice system and tried as adults, according to a study released last week by the Justice Policy Institute, a research center hi San Francisco. Once they are in adult courts, young black offenders are 18 times more likely to be jailed-and Hispanics seven times more likely-than are young white offenders. “Discrimination against kids of color accumulates at every stage of the justice system and skyrockets when juveniles are, tried as adults,“ says Da
