1、公共英语五级-18 及答案解析(总分：110.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Liste(总题数：1，分数：10.00)BPart A/BI You will hear a monologue about loneliness. As you listen, answer Questions 1 to 10 by circling True or False. You will hear the conversation ONLY ONCE.You now have 1 minute to read Questions 1 to 10./I（分数：10.00）(1).Psyc
2、hologists say there are two different kinds of loneliness.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(2).All kinds of loneliness last only a short time.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(3).Temporary loneliness is very serious.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(4).Divorce sometimes causes loneliness.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(5).Loneliness can cause sleeplessness and
3、 headache.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(6).Chronic loneliness usually lasts more than two years.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(7).Lonely people have no social contacts.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(8).The loneliest people are over 50 years old.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(9).Habitual loneliness can cause serious illness.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误(10).Temp
4、orary and situational loneliness are also considered as an unhealthy but normal part of life.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误二、BPart B/B(总题数：3，分数：10.00)IQuestions 11 to 14 are based on the following talk on manufacturing. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 to 14./I（分数：4.00）(1).What role do most people in
5、 the manufacturing trades play?（分数：1.00）A.Designers.B.Supervisors.C.Assistants.D.Employees.(2).Which of the following best characterizes the job of a semiskilled worker?（分数：1.00）A.Repetitive.B.Consistent.C.Exceptional,D.Complicated.(3).How are the working conditions for most manufacturing jobs?（分数：1
6、.00）A.Disgraceful.B.Forceful.C.Harsh.D.Monotonous.(4).Who are responsible for panning and directing the manufacturing process?（分数：1.00）A.Scientists and engineers.B.Management workers.C.Technicians.D.Public relation workers.IQuestions 15 to 17 are based on a talk on student housing. You now have 15 s
7、econds to read Questions 15 to 17./I（分数：3.00）(1).Which are not a regular part of the student dorms?（分数：1.00）A.Desks.B.Suites.C.Kitchens.D.Closets.(2).What do the married student apartments not allow?（分数：1.00）A.Children.B.Cooking.C.Spouses.D.Single students.(3).Which of the following is most likely r
8、equired in Spanish House during some periods?（分数：1.00）A.Spanish nationals.B.Spanish majors.C.Spanish speaking.D.Spanish cooking.IQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following monologue about rainwater. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 18 to 20./I（分数：3.00）(1).What is the main topic of the ta
9、lk?（分数：1.00）A.How quartz sand is formed.B.How underground water differs.C.How rain is formed.D.How water tables change.(2).What characteristics of hard water does the speaker mention?（分数：1.00）A.It is undrinkable.B.It has minerals in it.C.It is slightly colored.D.It only tastes horrible.(3).What does
10、 the speaker say about quartz?（分数：1.00）A.It usually absorbs mineral impurities.B.It is rarely found in sand dunes.C.It does not dissolve in water.D.It wears away other rocks.三、BPart C/B(总题数：1，分数：10.00)（分数：10.00）(1).When was the organization of Red Cross established?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(2).What did sever
11、al countries take part in in 1864?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(3).What happened to the Geneva Convention in 1949?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(4).How many members did the International Red Cross Society consist of?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(5).What are sent to the family members of both prisoners-of-war and civilians through Red Cros
12、s?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(6).What work is the Red Cross also responsible for in time of peace in many countries?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(7).What were the Voluntary Detachments of Men trained for in Britain?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(8).When were the junior Red Cross Sections first formed?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(9).What did Clara B
13、aron set up during the U. S. Civil War?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_(10).When did Miss Barton retire from the leading office of Red Cross in U.S.A.?（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_四、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, fromU (31) /Upraise to cold cash, affect motivation and
14、 creativity. Behaviorists, U(32) /Uresearch the relationU (33) /Uactions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintainU (34) /Urewards often destroy creativityU (35) /Uencouraging depend
15、enceU (36) /Uapproval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especiallyU (37) /Ueducators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparksU (38) /Uin grade-school children, suggestingU (39) /Uproperly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, U(40) /Uto a study
16、in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.“If kids know theyre working for aU (41) /Uand can focusU (42) /Ua relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity“, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards
17、 forU (43) /Uperformance or creating tooU (44) /Uanticipation for rewards.“A teacherU (45) /Ucontinually draws attention to rewards or who handsU (46) /Uhigh grades for ordinary achievement ends upU (47) /Udiscouraged students, Eisenberger holds. U(48) /Uan example of the latter point, he notes grow
18、ing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failingU (49) /U.In earlier grades, the use of se-called token economies, inU (50) /Ustudents handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativ
19、ity, the Delaware psychologist claims.（分数：20.00）(1).（分数：1.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_五、BSection Readi(总题数：3，分数：15.00)BText 1/BOpinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is t
20、o blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably hero to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as
21、 the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office,
22、 as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coaling to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daun
23、ting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them
24、of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of emplo
25、yment until, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customa
26、ry for the husband to go out to be paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment
27、became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excludeda problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the id
28、ealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.（分数：5.00）(1).Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that（分数：1.00）A.available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population.B.new jobs m
29、ust be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures.C.available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed.D.the nowaday high unemployment figures are a truth of life.(2).The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that（分数：1.00）A.universal employ
30、ment virtually guaranteed prosperity.B.economic freedom came within everyones control.C.patterns of work were fundamentally changed.D.peoples attitudes to work had to be reversed.(3).The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that（分数：1.00）A.people were no longer legally entitled to own land
31、.B.people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves.C.people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land.D.people were badly paid for the work they managed to find.(4).The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that（分数：1.00）A.the household a
32、nd village community disappeared completely.B.men now travelled enormous distances to their places of work.C.young and old people became superfluous components of society.D.the work status of those not in paid employment suffered.(5).The article concludes that（分数：1.00）A.the creation of jobs for all
33、is an impossibility.B.our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient.C.people should begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skill.D.we should help those whose jobs are only part-time.BText 2/BThroughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on s
34、uch things as hats, beds, baths, marriages, and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more windows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjects. Why? To pay for the
35、wear and tear on his teeth!Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to “bear the burden“ of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of
36、taxes, lifts spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by or even all three levels. Together t
37、hese different taxes make up what is called our tax system.Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets mere than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and business corporations
38、 pay a federal income tax.The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for local governments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government.A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most p
39、eople living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, but only three of them are important. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes.Other three closely related taxes are estate, inher
40、itance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to
41、an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount.（分数：5.00）(1).The reason that the Turkish ruler collected a dining tax is to pay for（分数：1.00）A.the inconvenience for him to put on and take off clothes.B.the damage that eating did to his teeth.C.his efforts to cut the food into pieces.D.the decay o
42、f his teeth because of sugar.(2).The government levies different kinds of taxes so that（分数：1.00）A.the rich have to pay more and the poor less.B.a wider range of taxpayers can be included.C.each of three levels of government could got tax money.D.the burden of taxes falls evenly on everybody.(3).The
43、federal government get most of their income from（分数：1.00）A.property tax.B.income tax.C.sales tax.D.estate tax.(4).How many states levy import taxes in the U. S. A.?（分数：1.00）A.4B.50C.46D.54(5).Which of the following statements is not tree?（分数：1.00）A.Any form of property is subject to an estate tax wh
44、en transferred.B.Property tax provides a part of income for local government.C.There are a few kinds of sales taxes.D.Individuals and corporations both pay income taxes.BText 3/BWorld leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at t
45、he Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earths life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, bickering between rich and
46、poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U.S. Congress in slow motion.Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five yearsreal changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that en
47、vironmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio.Or it didnt accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation.) After R
