1、公共英语四级-47 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The future of space exploration depends on many things. It depends on how technology evolves, how political forces shape competition and partnerships between nations, and how import
2、ant the public feels space exploration is. The near future will see the continuation of human space fright in Earth“s orbit and unpiloted space flight within the solar system. Piloted space flight to other planets, or even back to the moon, still seems far away. Any flight to other solar systems is
3、even more distant, but a huge advance in space technology could drive space exploration into realms currently explored only by science fiction. The 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey depicted commercial shuttles flying to and from a giant wheel-shaped space station in orbit around Earth, bases on the m
4、oon, and a piloted mission to Jupiter. The real space activities of 2001 will not match this cinematic vision, but the 21st century will see a continuation of efforts to transform humanity into a spacefaring species. Perhaps the most difficult problem space planners face is how to finance a vigorous
5、 program of piloted space exploration, in Earth“s orbit and beyond. In 1998 no single government or international enterprise had plans to send people back to the moon, much less to Mars. Such missions are unlikely to happen until the perceived value exceeds their cost. One belief shared by a number
6、of space exploration experts is that future lunar and Martian expeditions should be aimed at creating permanent settlements. The residents of such outposts would have to “live off the land,“ obtaining such necessities as oxygen and water from the harsh environment. On the moon, pioneers could obtain
7、 oxygen by heating lunar soil. In 1998 the Lunar Prospector discovered evidence of significant deposits of ice, a valuable resource for settlers, mixed with soil at the lunar poles. On Mars, oxygen could be extracted from the atmosphere and water could come from buried deposits of ice. The future of
8、 piloted lunar and planetary exploration remains largely unknown. Most space exploration scientists believe that people will be on the moon and Mars by the middle of the 21st century, but how they get there, and the nature of their visits, is a subject of continuing debate. Clearly, key advances wil
9、l need to be made in lowering the cost of getting people off Earth, the first step in any human voyage to other worlds.（分数：15.00）(1).A flight to other solar systems will be made more possible by（分数：3.00）A.technological breakthroughs.B.international co-operation.C.market competition.D.public pressure
10、.(2).It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that human society will become increasingly（分数：3.00）A.worded about life on other planets.B.dependent on space tourism.C.accustomed to long-distance flights.D.associated with space exploration.(3).According to this text, piloted space missions will need to be（
11、分数：3.00）A.more exciting than earlier film versions.B.supported by international organizations.C.more cost-effective than they appear to be at present.D.financed by individual governments.(4).It is predicted that people who will live on other planets would have to（分数：3.00）A.appreciate the harsh condi
12、tions they encounter there.B.depend on the natural resources available there.C.take most daily necessities along with them.D.engage in scientific research.(5).It is difficult to send people to other planets because of（分数：3.00）A.lack of capacity of space exploration vehicles.B.the financial expenditu
13、re involved in space travel.C.controversial nature of space travel.D.the uncertain future of space exploration.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Empowering workers constitutes the first step toward a stronger economy and stronger citizenry. It is a vital step toward overcoming inequality in American society.
14、During the 1980s, the need for better wages for all workers increased as women, traditionally secondary earners, assumed greater responsibility for their own and their children“s well-being. Yet the ability to raise families to a decent living standard through wage work decreased; real wages fell fo
15、r most workers. And the Federal Government enacted no new policies to facilitate the integration of work and family, as working women and working families suffered a loss in political power as well. Black Or Hispanic women are four times as likely to be low-wage workers as are white men with compara
16、ble skills and experience. White women are more than three times as likely as white men to be low-wage workers, and black or Hispanic men more than one-and-a-half times as likely. More than half of all low-wage workers are the only wage workers in their families, or live alone. Employment no longer
17、provides an escape from poverty. More than eight million working adults are poor; two million of them work full-time, year-round. More than seven million poor children have at least one working parent. When that one working parent is a low-wage worker, the children have no better chance of escaping
18、from poverty than if the parent were not working at all; more than two-fifths of such children are poor. Even if generous income assistance were available, the wages employers pay would be held to a minimum. In addition, policies such as tax credits for working parents do nothing to increase the pol
19、itical power of working women and men. Our research shows that unionization is among the most effective strategies for raising pay, especially for women and minority men. Being a union member, or being covered by a collective-bargaining agreement, raised 1984 wages by $ 1.79 per hour for Hispanic me
20、n, $ 1.32 for black men, $ 1.26 for Hispanic women, $ 1.01 for black women, $ 0.68 for white women, and $ 0.41 for white men, when all other factors, such as occupation, industry, firm size, education and experience were held constant. In percentage terms, the union increase was more than 15 percent
21、 for blacks and Hispanics, 11 percent for white women, and 4 percent for white men.（分数：15.00）(1).During the 1980s, women started to play a more important role in（分数：3.00）A.demanding political rights.B.improving social welfare.C.supporting the family.D.earning better wages.(2).According to Paragraph
22、2, who are most likely to be poor?（分数：3.00）A.Women of color.B.White women.C.Men of color.D.White men.(3).According to Paragraph 3, having a job（分数：3.00）A.means earning a low wage.B.has never provided a way out of poverty.C.does not mean that the children will become rich.D.may not be a guarantee for
23、 a poor family to become better off.(4).The term “unionization“ (Line 1, Paragraph 5) refers to（分数：3.00）A.mobilizing all workers to seize power.B.gathering workers into an organized group.C.working out strategies to raise workers“ pay.D.changing wage policies for women and minority men.(5).What is t
24、he theme of the text?（分数：3.00）A.The causes of low-wage problems.B.The inequality of workers“ pay.C.The improvement of the rates of pay.D.The economy and the rates of pay.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Du Bois was a sociological and educational pioneer who challenged the established system of education that
25、 tended to restrict rather than to advance the progress of black Americans. He challenged what is called the “Tuskegee machine“ of Booker T. Washington, the leading educational spokesperson of the blacks in the U. S A sociologist and historian, Du Bois called for a more determined and activist leade
26、rship than Washington provided. Unlike Washington, whose roots were is southern black agriculture, Du Bois“s career spanned both sides of the Mason-Dixon Line. He was a native of Massachusetts, received his undergraduate education from Fisk University in Nashville, did his graduate study at Harvard
27、University, and directed the Atlanta University Studies of Black American Life in the South. Du Bois approached the problem of racial relations in the United States from two dimensions: as a scholarly researcher and as an activist for civil rights. Among his works was the famous empirical sociologic
28、al study, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study , in which he examined that city“s black population and made recommendations for the school system. Du Bois“s Philadelphia study was the pioneer work on urban blacks in America. Du Bois had a long and active career as a leader in the civil rights move
29、ment. He helped to organize the Niagara Movement in 1905, which led to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), established in 1909. From 1910 until 1934, Du Bois edited The Cr/sis, the major journal of the NAACP. In terms of its educational policy, the NAACP position
30、was that all American children and youth should have genuine equality of educational opportunity. This policy, which Du Bois helped to formulate, stressed the following themes: (1) public schooling should be free and compulsory for all American children; (2) secondary schooling should be provided fo
31、r all youth; (3) higher education should not be monopolized by any special class or race. As a leader in education, Du Bois challenged not only the tradition of racial segregation in the schools but also the accommodationist ideology of Booker T. Washington. The major difference between the two men
32、was that Washington sought change that was evolutionary in nature and did not upset the social order, whereas Du Bois demanded immediate change. Du Bois believed in educated leadership for blacks, and he developed a concept referred to as the “talented tenth,“ according to which 10 percent of the bl
33、ack population would receive a traditional college education in preparation for leadership.（分数：15.00）(1).Compared with B. T. Washington, Du Bois“s political stand was（分数：3.00）A.less popular.B.more radical.C.less aggressive.D.more conservative.(2).According to the text, Du Bois worked as all of the f
34、ollowing EXCEPT（分数：3.00）A.an editor.B.an educator.C.a scholar.D.an official.(3).It is Du Bois“s belief that（分数：3.00）A.the blacks have a priority in terms of education.B.higher education should be free for all races.C.everyone has an equal right to education.D.development in education should be gradu
35、al.(4).Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：3.00）A.Washington would not appreciate the idea of overthrowing social order.B.Racial separation is an outcome of accommodationist ideology.C.Washington would not support determined activist leadership.D.The Philadelphia Negr
36、ois a book on blacks in American South.(5).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that（分数：3.00）A.many blacks are prepared for leadership.B.Du Bois was in favor of “elite education“ for blacks.C.Washington and Du Bois had never been friends.D.only the top 10 percent are worth educating.六、Text 4(总
37、题数：1，分数：15.00)Our analysis therefore suggests that the real problem facing the black community lies in the educational obstacles prior to the Ph. D. programs rather than in the pour-in of foreign students. Equally, our analysis suggests that we ought to treat foreign students as an important source
38、of brain gain for us and that we ought to facilitate, rather than hinder, their arrival and their entry into our work force. How could this be done? There is a long-standing provision in our immigration laws under which those who bring in a certain amount of financial capital (which will “create job
39、s“) are allowed to immigrate: A foreigner who invests one million dollars in a commercial enterprise established in a high-unemployment area, which creates jobs for at least ten Americans, is automatically given immigrant status (i.e., a green card). We suggest extending the idea from financial to h
40、uman capital. Currently, graduate students who wish to stay on in the United States after their Ph. D. s must be sponsored by their employers, a process that imposes substantial hardship both on the students and on smaller employers. The standard procedure is in two stages. First, the U.S. Departmen
41、t of Labor must, on the basis of a U.S. employer“s sponsorship, certify that “no American can do this job.“ Then, the would-be immigrant must apply for immigrant status at the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). ff all goes right, the entire process takes about two years (considerably more
42、 for citizens of certain countries). But things may not go right: there could be problems at either stage. Thus, the employer or the “alien“ must hire an immigration lawyer. The current process, then, is costly both to the would-be immigrant and to the employer (and hence, it unfairly penalizes smal
43、ler firms that cannot afford this expensive process and so cannot recruit this foreign talent). The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1990 introduced an alternative route for professors and researchers to secure immigrant status. Essentially, it eliminates the average processing time to about on
44、e year, it does not eliminate any of the uncertainty or the need for expensive legal counsel. We budget that automatic green cards be given to all those who obtain a Ph.D. in the science and engineering programs at our universities. In adopting such a “guaranteed green card“ proposal, we would be re
45、cognizing the important contribution that these students make to our leading position in science by giving equal weight to human capital and financial capital.（分数：15.00）(1).Prior to this text, the author has most probably made an analysis of（分数：3.00）A.brain gain in the United States.B.the cause of p
46、roblems of the black people.C.the U. S educational programs for blacks.D.the procedure of foreign students“ immigration.(2).Which of the following statements will the author most probably agree with?（分数：3.00）A.Foreign students are a new source of financial capital.B.Ph. D. graduates should automatic
47、ally be given green cards.C.Foreign Ph. D. graduates may function as a kind of capital.D.Foreign investors ought to immigrate to high unemployment areas.(3).A foreign graduate student who applies for immigrant status must have（分数：3.00）A.a U.S. employer“s sponsorship.B.financial capital to create ten
48、 jobs.C.a job in an American company.D.the help of an immigration lawyer.(4).Smaller enterprises have difficulty using foreign talent because of（分数：3.00）A.the costly recruiting process.B.the expensive legal counsel.C.the competition from big companies.D.the inability to provide sponsorship.(5).The a
49、uthor“s proposal differs from the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1990 in（分数：3.00）A.the kind of green card.B.the amount of investment capital.C.the budget for the whole process.D.the certainty of issuing green cards.七、Part B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The cost of staging the year 2000 Olympics in Sydney is estimated to be a staggering $ 960 million, but 1 the city is preparing to reap the financial benefits that come from holding such an international event by equaling the commercial success of Los Angeles, the only city yet to have made a demonstrable profit from the Games in 1984. At precisely 4
