1、公共英语四级-45 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Inflation has just exploded. The real problem is that we have an underlying rate of inflationan impetus of wages chasing pricesof maybe 9 percent that is heading towards 10 percent.
2、 There also have been tremendous shocks in energy, food and housing prices, making it worse. By the end of the year, we will be in a situation where year in, year out, we can look forward to at least 10 percent inflation. And the question will be: How much worse will oil, food and housing prices mak
3、e that? The situation has degenerated to the point that the only way to turn it around is to think of some very extreme changes in policy. A policy of gradualism, where you“re talking about a mild recession and another 1 to 2 million people unemployed, won“t make much difference. Postponing action j
4、ust means that inflation presses further and is even more difficult to deal with. You have to start with revenue and monetary restraint. All the burden now is on monetary policy. We should shift to a much more restrictive revenue policy and an easier monetary policy. To be significant, the 1981 budg
5、et should be cut by at least 20 billion dollars from 616 billion President Carter proposed. That“s a major cut in government programsand very hard to do. It“s impossible if you save defense and all the programs indexed for changes in the cost of living. So it means cuts across the board in every are
6、aincluding the indexed programs, such as Social Security and food stamps. State and local-government revenue-sharing programs are another major candidate. You“ve also got to reopen the 1980 budget and cut that. Then I would favor wage and price controls to break the impetus of the wage-price interac
7、tion. In order to get quick results, I“d set the standard around 5 or 6 percent for both wages and prices. Basically, you“re aiming to cut the rate of inflation in half the first year. There would be no exceptions, but you would focus on large corporations and major labor settlements. For the specia
8、l sectors where the big shocks have occurred, controls won“t work. Instead, you need additional policies in each one of those areas. There are no cheap or easy solutions to the inflation problem. My answer is to take all the things that everybody wants to do, and instead of choosing among them, do a
9、ll of them. We“ve got to think in terms of a comprehensive program.（分数：15.00）(1).In the author“s opinion, the high inflation rate in the US was accompanied by（分数：3.00）A.energy crises.B.mounting wages.C.housing shortage.D.shrinking market.(2).The only way to reverse the worsening situation seems to b
10、e（分数：3.00）A.a policy of gradualism.B.sacrifice of public interests.C.radical changes of policy.D.postponing of drastic actions.(3).We can learn from the fourth paragraph that（分数：3.00）A.a substantial cut in annual revenue is called for.B.defense and social welfare programs should undergo cuts.C.we sh
11、ould leave intact programs for bettering people“s living.D.we should exercise less control over monetary policy.(4).The phrase “special sectors“ (line 1, paragraph 7) most probably refers to（分数：3.00）A.energy, food and housing.B.indexed programs.C.social security and food stamps.D.large corporations
12、and labor settlements.(5).What is the text mainly about?（分数：3.00）A.The defect of US monetary system.B.The causes of ever-worsening inflation in the US.C.Prospects for the US economic situation.D.A comprehensive settlement of inflation in the US.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：15.00)For centuries the most valuable
13、 of African resources for Europeans were the slaves, but these could be obtained at coastal ports, without any need for going deep inland. Slavery had been an established institution in Africa. Prisoners of war had been enslaved, as were also debtors and individuals guilty of serious crimes. But the
14、se slaves usually were treated as part of the family. They had clearly defined rights, and their slave status was not necessarily inherited. Therefore it is commonly argued that Africa“s traditional slavery was mild compared to the trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by the Europeans. This argument
15、, however, can be carried too far. In the most recent study of this subject, some scholars warned against the illusion that “cruel and dehumanizing enslavement was a monopoly of the West. Slavery in its extreme forms, including the taking of life, was common to both Africa and the West. The fact tha
16、t African slavery had different origins and consequences should not lead us to deny what it wasthe exploitation and control of human beings.“ Neither can it be denied that the wholesale shipment of Africans to the slave plantations of the Americas was made possible by the participation of African ch
17、iefs who rounded up their fellow Africans and sold them as a handsome profit to European ship captains waiting along the coasts. Granting all this, the fact remains that the trans-Atlantic slave trade conducted by the Europeans was entirely different in quantity and quality from the traditional type
18、 of slavery that had existed within Africa. From the beginning the European variety was primarily an economic institution rather than social, as it had been in Africa. Western slave traders and slave owners were acted on by purely economic considerations, and were quite ready to work their slaves to
19、 death if it was more profitable to do so than to treat them more mercifully. This inhumanity was reinforced by racism when the Europeans became involved in the African slave trade on a large scale. Perhaps as a subconscious rationalization they gradually came to look down on Negroes as inherently i
20、nferior, and therefore destined to serve their white masters. Rationalization also may have been involved in the Europeans“ use of religion to justify the traffic in human beings. It was argued, for instance, that enslavement assured the conversion of the African evil-believing religions to the true
21、 faith as well as to civilization.（分数：15.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author argues that（分数：3.00）A.the Europeans were innocent in the trade of African slaves.B.slavery in Africa and in the West was the same in nature.C.the view in the most recent studies of enslavement is baseless.D.slaves had
22、 been treated even more cruelly in the African tradition.(2).Which of the following was true of the local African slavery?（分数：3.00）A.Slaves might have their own families.B.The son of a slave might not be a slave.C.Slavery was confined to the coastal regions.D.There was no killing in African slavery.
23、(3).The sentence “This argument. can be carried too far“ implies that（分数：3.00）A.African“s traditional slavery was inhumane.B.the slavery in Africa was confined to some regions.C.supporters of this argument knew little of Africa.D.slave shipment was not so serious as was imagined.(4).Supporters of th
24、e rationalization of slavery believe that the trade（分数：3.00）A.was out of good intents from the beginning.B.helped the development of local religion.C.was a help for civilizing the Africans.D.drove the evils out of the African religions.(5).The relation between the two paragraphs is that in the 2nd p
25、aragraph the author（分数：3.00）A.challenges the viewpoint in the 1st paragraph.B.modifies his view expressed in the 1st paragraph.C.provides the reason for the argument in the 1st paragraph.D.further analyzes the issue discussed in the 1st paragraph.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：15.00)As West Nile virus creeps tow
26、ard California, an unlikely warrior could provide the first line of defense: the chicken. The familiar fowl make irresistible targets for mosquitoes. Unlike crows, chickens don“t get sick from West Nile. But they do produce telltale antibodies to the virus. So in test coops scattered across the stat
27、e, more than 2000 “sentinel chickens“ submit to frequent blood tests. When antibodies do turn up, California health officials will know that the inevitable has occurred: the West Nile epidemic will have swept the country. Last week alone, more than 100 new human cases of West Nile were reported. The
28、 virus was detected as far west as Colorado and Wyoming, infecting 371 and killing 16 people in 20 states plus the District of Columbia. This year West Nile appeared earlier in the mosquito seasonmid-June instead of Augustand claimed younger victims; the average age dropped from 65 to 54. Federal he
29、alth officials are still trying to figure out why, but say they may be finding more West Nile precisely because they“re on the lookout for it. As Dr. Julie Gerberding, the new director of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), recently told reporters, “We“re not in crisis mode.“ When West Nile hit N
30、ew York City in 1999, the CDC realized it was a victim of its own success. Because health officials had conquered most mosquito-borne diseases decades ago, many states abolished their mosquito-control programs. The Feds rushed in with fundssome $ 50 million since 1999, plus $ 31 million more this ye
31、ar aloneto train insect researchers, set up state testing labs and kill off the annoying insects. The CDC established a new computer monitoring system and held strategy sessions with state officials. Some epidemiologists question the focusand the millionslavished on a virus that“s killed fewer than
32、20. “There“s an epidemic in gun violence that“s taking more lives than West Nile virus,“ says Dr. William Steinmann, director of the Tulance Center for Clinical Effectiveness and Prevention. But the Feds say their efforts have kept West Nile from doing far more damage. “We“re basically building the
33、infrastructure to deal with this over the next 50 years,“ says Dr. Lyle Peterson, a CDC epidemiologist. “This is here to stay.“ So far, there are no remedies for West Nile. Officials eventually expect the virus to settle into a quiet pattern of mild infections with occasional outbreaks. To do battle
34、 at home, the CDC recommends eliminating standing water and using insect spray with DEETsimple precautions, but the best defense against an invader that shows no signs of going away.（分数：15.00）(1).In California scientists use chicken to（分数：3.00）A.sweep away the West Nile epidemic.B.produce antibodies
35、 to West Nile virus.C.fight against the spread of West Nile virus.D.monitor the presence of the West Nile virus.(2).According to Federal health officials, the fact that more West Nile cases have been reported indicates that（分数：3.00）A.more states are affected.B.the average age dropped drastically.C.h
36、ealth officials are more alert to the disease.D.the epidemic season began a month earlier.(3).CDC considered the outbreak of West Nile in 1999 as a consequence of（分数：3.00）A.the abolition of the mosquito-control programs.B.the surviving mosquito-borne infections.C.the abuse of some $ 50 million in fu
37、nds.D.its failure to conquer mosquito-borne diseases.(4).Feds claimed that their spending on West Nile control was（分数：3.00）A.worthwhile in the long run.B.liable to continue regardless of the great cost.C.bound to settle the problem once and for all.D.wasteful in view of the few victims of the diseas
38、e.(5).Which of the following would CDC most probably recommend?（分数：3.00）A.Health weighs more than wealth.B.Prevention is better than cure.C.Actions speak louder than words.D.Better late than never.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Jill Ker Conway, president of Smith, echoes the prevailing view of contemporary
39、 technology when she says that “anyone in today“s world who doesn“t understand data processing is not educated.“ But she insists that the increasing emphasis on these matters leave certain gaps. Says she: “The very strongly utilitarian emphasis in education, which is an effect of man-made satellites
40、 and the cold war, has really removed from this culture something that was very profound in its 18th and 19th century roots, which was a sense that literacy and learning were ends in themselves for a democratic republic.“ In contrast to Plato“s claim for the social value of education, a quite differ
41、ent idea of intellectual purposes was advocated by the Renaissance humanists. Overjoyed with their rediscovery of the classical learning that was thought to have disappeared during the Dark Ages, they argued that the imparting of knowledge needs no justificationreligious, social, economic, or politi
42、cal. Its purpose, to the extent that it has one, is to pass on from generation to generation the corpus of knowledge that constitutes civilization. “What could man acquire, by virtuous striving, that is more valuable than knowledge?“ asked Erasmus, perhaps the greatest scholar of the early 16th cent
43、ury. That idea has acquired a tradition of its own. “The educational process has no end beyond itself,“ said John Dewey. “It is its own end.“ But what exactly is the corpus of knowledge to be passed on? In simpler times, it was all included in the medieval universities“ Quadrivium (arithmetic, geome
44、try, astronomy, music) and Trivium(grammar, rhetoric, logic). As recently as the last century, when less than 5% of Americans went to college at all, students in New England establishments were compelled mainly to memorize and recite various Latin texts, and crusty professors angrily opposed the int
45、roduction of any new scientific discoveries or modern European languages. “They felt,“ said regretfully Charles Francis Adams, Jr., the Union Pacific Railroad president who devoted his later years to writing history, “that a classical education was the important distinction between a man who had bee
46、n to college and a man who had not been to college, and that anything that diminished the importance of this distinction was essentially revolutionary and tended to anarchy.“（分数：15.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that Jill Ker Conway accepts utilitarian emphasis in education（分数：3.00）A.wholeheartedl
47、y.B.with reservation.C.against her own will.D.with contempt.(2).Education for education“s sake was probably opposed by（分数：3.00）A.scholars in the Renaissance period.B.Jill Ker Conway.C.scholars in the Dark Ages.D.Plato.(3).The idea that education transmits knowledge is dated back to（分数：3.00）A.the Ren
48、aissance humanists.B.the medieval universities.C.the 18th century“s American scholars.D.the cold war period.(4).It can be inferred that Charles Francis Adams, Jr.（分数：3.00）A.devoted his later years to classical education.B.was an advocate of education in history.C.was an opponent to classical educati
49、on.D.regretted diminishing the importance of the distinction.(5).According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true?（分数：3.00）A.Five percent of American college students learnt Latin texts.B.Students in New England learnt Latin texts in official organizations.C.Students were compelled to learn modern European languages.D.American college students had to learn Latin grammar by heart.七、Part B(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Neither the Americans nor the Russians have the resources to continue human space flight on their own; both sides know they need each other. 1 It“s much easier and
