1、翻译二级笔译综合能力-23 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、 Reading Comprehens(总题数：3，分数：50.00)Sigmund FreudIf there is a single name in all psychology that is synonymous with personality theory, it is Sigmund Freud. Born on the Continent in 1856, he spent his early years as a member of a tightly knit family in Cent
2、ral Europe. Reportedly, his youth was marked by serious personality problems, including severe bouts with depression and anxiety states. These difficulties apparently started him on a journey of discovery aimed at understanding the roots of personality and gaining insight into the relationship betwe
3、en personality structure and actual behavior. It was to be a long and productive professional journey, beginning with his graduation from medical school at the University of Vienna in 1881. His career extended all the way to the beginning of World War in 1939.After completing his medical studies, he
4、 became increasingly interested in diseases of the nervous system. Instead of continuing to look for physical and physiological reasons, he shifted his attention toward a new arena, the mind. If diseases such as hysteria, high-anxiety states, and deep personal depression were not connected to a phys
5、ical cause, then the usual types of medical treatment, from actual operations on nerves to prescriptions for drugs, were bound to fail. Such activities were merely treating symptoms. Often, after these treatments, patients simply developed a new set of symptoms. As a result of these ideas, Freud dec
6、ided to study with Joserf Breuer, a physician famous for his treatment of hysteria through hypnosis. Freud found that inducing hypnotic trances was somewhat limited as a treatment of choice. Some patients could not be successfully hypnotized and others simply shifted symptoms.Freud began to experime
7、nt with unique treatment methods, primarily asking patients to free-associate and to report on their dreams. In some ways this appeared an outrageous procedure for a physician to use. Imagine Freud asking a patient to stretch out on his soon-to-be-famous couch, then suggesting that he or she say wha
8、tever came to mind. (The first rule of psychoanalysis was to speak out and not repress any hidden thoughts). All the while Freud himself was sitting behind the couch quietly jotting down notes, rarely speaking. Such a procedure seemed the work of a mad genius at best or of a charlatan at worst. Not
9、only did Freud break with the traditions of his time completely, but he even went so far as to carry on psychoanalytically oriented treatment via the mail to the father of a child patient. In the famous case of little Hans, he successfully treated a young boy by writing to the father and explaining
10、step-by-step how to cure the patient of a severe case of horse phobia. Since horses provided most transportation in those days, Hans malady can be compared to a child who today would run and hide at the sight of an automobile.Always an innovator, Freud continued to evolve creative treatment techniqu
11、es throughout his life; however, his major contribution was his insight into the causes of behavior. Through hours of quiet listening to patients free associations and dreams, he began to construct a theory of personality. He heard the same themes repeated over and over again and in time created his
12、 theory of infant sexuality. Adult patients were helped to gradually recall early feelings, thoughts, and sexual fantasies from their childhood. To suggest to the world that innocent little children had such sexual feelings was almost too much for the Victorian age to accept. Nevertheless, despite t
13、he enormous criticism generated and the departure of some of his closest associates, Freud continued to expand on the importance of sexuality as a determinant of personality during the early years of life. His three-part typology of the mindthe id, the ego, and the superegocombined with his three la
14、yers of conscious, preconscious, and unconscious led to his famous dictum that all human behavior was over determined. His clinical approaches demonstrated that our present behavior is related to a whole series of causes. The task of the psychologist is to uncover great amounts of psychic material a
15、nd then gradually help the patient understand how many of the factors from the past had been regulating his or her present behavior. In fact, Freud said that the psychologist is like an archaeologist-carefully and systematically digging through the past in order to slowly uncover the intrapsychic tr
16、aumas of a person of early history. Here he found the structure of the past influencing present behavior; here was the repository of events, feelings, disconnected ideas, fantasies rooted in the unconscious.The unconscious, according to Freud, is the key to human behavior. Even though individuals ma
17、y try to suppress or repress inner thoughts and feelings and push them into the unconscious, the repressed material sneaks out in disguised form. Slips of the tongue, unfortunate accidents, forgetting important events, getting names of familiar people mixed up, and similar people mixed up, and simil
18、ar unusual human behavior are not just incidental activities or randomly determined. He was able to show how such events are instead a direct expression of an individuals unconscious motivation. For example, a guilt-ridden criminal might “accidentally“ leave a trail a mile wide from the scene of a c
19、rime in order to bring about his own punishment. Other examples abound in everyday life.The insights of Freud changed our level of understanding in dramatic ways. It has been said that the greatest contribution was to end, once and for all, the age of innocence. Also, some have remarked that it woul
20、d have been impossible to understand the horrors of the twentieth century without his theories of why and how people react. These theories demonstrated the importance of both sexual and aggressive human drives. The adverse interpersonal relationships so common in this age are current reminders of th
21、is insight. The desolation created by two major world wars, the total annihilation of innocent populations, the use of ultimate weapons from A-bombs to gas chambersthese products of a so-called advanced civilization can be better understood through his views. It is to be hoped that his insights will
22、 teach the world the importance of recognizing and gradually developing control over these destructive human drives. Ironically, he spent many of his last years as a captive of the most demonic human being of this century in Nazi Germany. His final year of life was spent in England in 1939. He watch
23、ed the world he knew collapse once again in a paroxysm of hatred, tragic testimony to his deepest fears for humanity.（分数：16.00）(1).According to the passage, Freuds childhoods severe bouts had actually paved the way for _.A. his final discovery of personalityB. his becoming a pychologistC. the birth
24、of personality theoryD. the relationship between personality structure and actual behavior（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Freuds productive professional journey was _.A. more of a childhood difficulties and problems than a happy oneB. largely the result of the environments in which he was growing upC. started
25、more with his personal interest than with his professional longingD. the direct result of his pursuits at the medical college as a student（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Freud decided to study with Joserf Breuer, because _.A. he adored him for his accomplishments in the treatment of hysteriaB. Breuers treatmen
26、t was the most applicable and practicalC. Breuer was the most famous person for treating hysteriaD. he thought he would get insights for improvement of treatment（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).The most remarkable advancement Freud had made in treating mental patients was largely due to _.A. Freuds “rebellious“
27、 thinking against the traditional way of treating mental patientsB. Freuds aspirations in making a major step forward in the related fieldC. Freud was able to think more clearly than other psychologists of his timeD. Freud had made more experiments on mental patients（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the
28、 following statements is true to Freuds major accomplishments?A. Freud paid more attention of finding better treatment of mental patients.B. Freud had paid his attention more on the root cause of mental diseases than on the mere physical treatment of mental patients.C. Freud had learned something im
29、portant from the then famous psycologist Breuer, who paved the way for his accomplishments.D. Freud was abhorrent of the traditional treatment and disastisfied with merely treating mental patients physically.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(6).The approach Freud had adopted in treating mental patients is more of a
30、 _ nature.A. psychological B. physilogicalC. psychoanalytical D. biological（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(7).The one major thing that made Freud differ from most other phychologists of his time is that _.A. he devoted more efforts than other psychologists on improving the techniques of treatment of mental patien
31、tsB. he had a different perception and vision, went in a different direction of research, discovered a new area and originated a “brand-new“ treatment of mental patientsC. he made more experiments on mental patients and used more techniques in treating mental patientsD. He adopted an anti-traditiona
32、l approach in both research and treatment instead of following the prevailing method used by other psychologists（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(8).The statement that “the greatest contribution was to end, once and for all, the age of innocence“ indicates that _.A. he brought a dramatic and complete change in the
33、understanding of the true nature of human beings towards human behavior, including the behaviors of the human body and mind, especiaslly the “drive“B. the populace could not understand Freuds mind before his contribution got widely recognized and aknowledgedC. he wiped out the ignorance of the popul
34、ace of human nature and made the populace gain a better understanding of how the body is at workD. he had finally be able to make the populace have a better vision and and stopped the populace from being ignorant as they were（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.Erik EriksonBorn at the tun of the century, Erik Erikson s
35、pent his early years in Europe. As a son of well-to-do parents, he received an education that was both formal and informal. Like other upper class children, when he finished his regular schoolwork, he traveled the Continent. He described this period as his moratoriuma term he used in his later theor
36、y of human development to describe a temporary life space that adolescents go through between the completion of general academic education and the choice of a life career. He noted that at the time of his own young adulthood, it was fashionable to travel through Europe, gaining a perspective on civi
37、lization and ones own possible place in it. He chose the avocation of portrait painting as an activity during this time. It permitted maximum flexibility for travel and yielded some productive output as well. Obviously talented, he soon gained a reputation as a promising young artist, especially for
38、 his portraits of young children.The turning point in his life came when he was invited to a villa in Austria to do a childs portrait. He entered the villa and was introduced to the childs father, Sigmund Freud. These began a series of informal discussions as he completed his work. A few weeks later
39、, he received a written invitation from Freud to join the psychoanalytic institute of Vienna and study for child analysis. Erikson has commented that that at this point he confronted a momentous decision: the choice between a continued moratorium with more traveling and painting, and commitment to a
40、 life career pattern. Fortunately for psychology and particularly for our eventual understanding of children and adolescents, Erikson ended the moratorium.After completing his training, he migrated to this country and served from 1936 to 1939 as a research associate in psychiatry at Yale, and he wor
41、ked with Henry Murray of TAT fame (Thematic Apperception Test) at Harvard. From 1939 to 1951 he served as professor at the University of California and then moved to the Austen Riggs Clinic in Pittsburgh. With each move, his reputation grew in significance. His theoretical framework was adopted by t
42、he White House Conference on Children in 1950. The conference report, a national charter for child and adolescent development in this country, was almost a literal repetition of his thoughts. In 1960 he was offered a university professorship a Harvard in recognition of his national and international
43、 stature in the field of human development. The career that started so informally that day at Freuds villa culminated with almost unprecedented eminence as a professor in one of the countrys oldest and most prestigious institutions of higher education-all without the benefit of a single earned acade
44、mic degree. Ironically, he was offered only associate status in the American Psychological Association as late as 1950. This oversight was partially removed in 1955 when he was elected as a Fellow of the Division of Developmental Psychology, without ever having been a member.His work, as we have not
45、ed in the text, has made a major contribution to our understanding of healthy psychological growth during all aspects of the life cycle. In addition to the high quality of his insight, Erikson possessed a genuine flair in linguistic expression, both spoken and written. In fact, one could almost comp
46、are his command of the English language with the benchmark established in this century by Winston Churchill. In many ways Eriksons scope was as broad and comprehensive as that of Churchill. Eriksons genius has been his ability to see the threefold relationship among the person, the immediate environ
47、ment, and historical forces. Thus, each human is partially shaped by environmental and historical events, but each human, in turn, shapes the environment and can change the course of history. Erikson is equally at home describing the balance of individual strengths and problems for a single “verage“
48、 child or teenager as with an analysis of major historical figures such as Martin Luther and Mahatma Gandihi. He shows through personal history how events and reactions during childhood and adolescence prepare humans to be adults. Ralph Waldo Emerson said there is no history, only biography. Erikson
49、s work attests to this wisdom.If there were a criticism of his overall framework, it would concern his differentiation between the sexes. As might be expected, he was conditioned and shaped by the major historical and psychological forces of his own time, following in the tradition of a predominantly male oriented theory for psychology. This reminds us of the limits set by historical circumstances, which impinge on all humans. He was able to break with many of the limiting traditions of his time, particularly to move the concept of d
