1、翻译二级笔译综合能力-22 及答案解析(总分：100.02，做题时间：90 分钟)一、 Vocabulary and Gra(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part 1 Correcting Gr(总题数：1，分数：40.00)The Internet originated on American soil. In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the US Defense Department established the worlds first testing packet-switched network (PSN)
2、to connect four universities on US soil. The world saw a remarkable expansion of the scale and number of Internet users from the late 1970s to the early 1980s. In September 1989, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was founded with a grant from the US Department of Commen
3、ce to administer the Internet terminal server. Over the past 40 years, the US has been dominating the world Internet as the core technique holder with an inherent advantage of being the cradle of the Internet.There are 13 terminal servers in the world to keep the Internet run (1) , with a master ser
4、ver and nine of the 12 second (2) servers stationed in the US. In terms of technique, the network of a country will disappear from the world Internet if its domain name registry is blocked or deleted from the terminal server. This kind of conduct is not legally binded (3) with the law of any country
5、 except ICANN. In April 2004, Libya was seen (4) on the Internet for three days after the collapse of the domain name registry of the country “LY“ caused by a domain administration dispute.Concerns about the US monopoly of the domain name server (DNS) system grew among other nations as much as their
6、 reliance on the Internet for issues ranging (5) politics and the economy to defense and the general society. Years ago, there was a proposal that the Internet is (6) administered by the United Nations or under international cooperation. The European Union insisted that the World Wide Web was (7) an
7、 international resource that should be jointly managed by all nations. Some developing countries pointed to (8) that at the early stage of Internet development, developed countries seized large amounts of domain names, leaving a limited few for them, and demanded a share with the US over Internet ad
8、ministration. American officials opposed to (9) the suggestion.The US Defense Strategy Review in March 2005 stated that Internet space should have the same priority with (10) continental, marine, aerial and outer space jurisdictions for the US to maintain a decisive superiority. A statement from Was
9、hington on June 30, 2005, made it clear that the US government would maintain its control on (11) the DNS indefinitely; stating that a transfer of its management to UN or international cooperative models would impede the free flow of information, leading (12) to easy manipulation of the Internet and
10、 make global supervision more difficult.At the same time, the US Congress passed a bill by a vote of 423 to zero urged (13) a manifesto by the White House that American control over Internet is inviolable. US Rep. John Taylor Doolittle, a Republican from California, said the United States invented t
11、he Internet and described (14) as a gift to the world based on American taxpayers money. He said he opposed any move to transfer the countrys control to the UN.The control of the Internet plays a strategical (15) role for US. Using the internet, the US can intercept information via the net, export U
12、S values and opinions, support a “ Color Revolution“, feed the oppositing (16) powers and rebels against anti-US governments, interfere (17) other countries internal affairs and make proactive attacks on enemys communication and directing networks. James-Adams, a famous military forecaster, wrote (1
13、8) his book, The Next World War, these words: “The computer is the weapon for the future war and there is no virtual front line, while (19) the traditional battle and the byte will take the bullets role to grab control of the air.“US President Barack Obama repeatly (20) stressed the importance of th
14、e Internet during his campaign. He asked the relevant departments to assess the security of the American network, and to prepare (21) the implementation of information hegemony to continue the work of controlling the new generation of Internet Root Servers. The assessment report released by the US g
15、overnment on May 29, 2009, said that cyberspace threats have become one of the most serious economic and military threats facing by (22) the United States. The report emphasized that the US must show the world they were seriously responding to the challenge. Against this background, Microsoft announ
16、ced the closure of MSN services for Cuba, Iran, Syria, Sudan and the DPRK. But the world opinion considers (23) as information sanction instead of meeting a challenge.（分数：40.02）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项
17、1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_三、 Cloze Test(总题数：2，分数：45.00)PhilanthropyIt has become an American tradition that those who attain great wealth return some of it to the public through philanthropy. An early example of this was the generosity of Amos Lawrence of Massachusetts, a wealthy merchan
18、t who in the 1830s and afterwards contributed much money for famine relief in Ireland. He also donated generously to educational and other humanitarian causes.In the early years of the twentieth century several men who had amassed vast (1) likewise became great philanthropists. Andrew Carnegie, an e
19、xceptionally energetic man, (2) has begun working twelve hours a day when he was only fourteen years old, (3) one of the worlds richest men by pioneering in the steel (4) . After his retirement in 1900 he devoted his time and his wealth to the (5) of free public libraries. He also set up foundations
20、 for medical research and (6) world peace. Carnegies belief, as he expressed it in an essay, was (7) the wealthy person must “consider all surplus revenues (8) come to him simply as trust funds which is strictly bound as a matter of (9) to administer in the manner best calculated to produce the most
21、 (10) results for the communitythe man of wealth thus becoming the mere (11) and agent for his poorer brethren.“John D. Rockefeller, who also began as a poor boy, became (12) rich through oil refineries and other enterprises. In his (13) age, in the early 1900s, he began to donate millions for benef
22、icial (14) . The various Rockefeller Foundations support research as well as (15) causes in the United States and in other parts of the world. Rockefeller funds are now fighting hunger through the so-called “green revolution,“ whereby new agricultural techniques have greatly multiplied the yield of
23、food crops in Mexico, India, Pakistan, and parts of Africa.Through the Ford Foundation, and based on automobile profits, Henry Ford donated $500 million in 1950 to universities and hospitals for improving education and health. This likewise became a world-famous foundation, whose activities have spr
24、ead far and wide. Some of this money was effectively spend fight cholera and typhus in far-off Nepal.（分数：22.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_World BankThe World Bank is one of the largest suppliers of development assistance.
25、Its main goal is to improve living conditions for poor people throughout the world. Last year, it provided more than seventeen-thousand-million dollars in loans to developing countries to help end poverty. The money went to efforts like debt reduction for some of the poorest countries in the world.
26、That program was designed to increase debt assistance and provide it faster than in the past. As a result, twenty-three countries received debt assistance last year as compared to seven countries the year before.The World Bank does more than just (1) loans, however. It believes that continued povert
27、y reduction comes (2) investing in the people of a countryespecially through education and health (3) . World Bank President James Wolfensohn announced one such program (4) this year at the organizations yearly spring (5) in Washington. The “Education for All“ plan is aimed at getting all children (
28、6) the ages of five and eleven into early education. The World Bank plans to (7) the program soon in ten countries. Bank leaders will choose (8) that have strong education reform plans but no money to establish them.The World Bank uses engineers, economists, public policy (9) and social scientists t
29、o create these kinds of programs. These (10) also provide developing countries with the necessary (11) help to carry out the programs. Ten thousand people work for the (12) Bank. Eight thousand are based in Washington. The rest are spread (13) the world. The World Bank is owned by more than one-hund
30、red-eighty (14) countries. Every country holds different shares which represent the positions and (15) of the members.The World Bank began as a much smaller group. It was established at an international conference in the United States in 1944. It has helped to make great progress in developing natio
31、ns especially in the past twenty or so years. Bank officials say life expectancy in developing nations has increased and baby and child deaths have decreased. They also say more adults now can read than in the past.（分数：22.50）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1
32、:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_四、 Reading Comprehens(总题数：2，分数：15.00)MemoryBrains are different from computers, but the analogy can be helpful. Like the PC on your desk, your mind is equipped with two basic types of memory: “working memory“ for juggling information in the present moment, and “long-ter
33、m memory“ for storing it over extended periods. Contrary to popular wisdom, our brains dont record everything that happens to us and then bury it until a hypnotist or a therapist helps us dredge it up. Most of what we perceive hovers briefly in working memory, a mental play space akin to a computers
34、 RAM, then simply evaporates. Working memory enables you to perform simple calculations in your head or retain phone numbers long enough to dial them. And like RAM, it lets you analyze and invent things without creating a lasting record.Long-term memory acts more like a hard drive, physically record
35、ing past experiences in the brain region known as cerebral cortex. The cortex, or outer layer of the brain, houses a thicket of 10 billion vinelike nerve cells, which communicate by relaying chemical and electrical impulses. We can will things into long-term memory simply by rehearsing them. But the
36、 decision to store or discard a piece of information rarely involves any conscious thought. Its usually handled automatically by the hippocampus, a small, two-winged structure nestled deep in the center of the brain. Like the key-board on your computer, the hippocampus serves as a kind of switching
37、station. As neurons out in the cortex receive sensory information. They relay it to the hippocampus. If the hippocampus responds, the sensory neurons start forming a durable network. But without that act of consent, the experience vanishes forever.By storing only the information were most likely to
38、use, our brains make the world manageable. Perfect retention may sound like a godsend, but when the hippocampus gets overly permissive, the results can be devastating. At the other end of the spectrum stands impairments of the memory, which can be caused by brain surgery as well as normal aging. Oth
39、er memory busters include depression, anxiety and a simple lack of stimulationall of which keep us from paying full attention to our surroundings. What, then, are the best ways to protect your memory? Obviously, anyone concerned about staying sharp should make a point of sleeping enough and managing
40、 stress. And because the brain is at the mercy of the circulatory system, a heart-healthy lifestyle may have cognitive benefits as well.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the passage, the working memory and the long-term memory are respectively for _.A. processing information and recording information.B. cal
41、culation and confirming the calculations.C. storing information and performing calculations.D. storing information and processing the storage.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the first paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?A. what we are in contacts with may not be all stored in the the bra
42、in.B. what we are in contacts with are just short-lived in the brain.C. all of our immediate knowledge may be all ready for use.D. only some information in the working memory can be retrieved later.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(3).The hippocampus is compared to a keyboard because _.A. only when information is r
43、elated to the hippocampus can the sensory neurons start functioning.B. all the input of information can be functioned by the hippocampus.C. the hippocampus can transform all the information received into the cortex.D. only when the hippocampus is functioning can the information be used.（分数：1.50）A.B.
44、C.D.(4).What a human brain can remember and use largely depends on _.A. the cooperation between the cerebal cortex and the hippocampus.B. the cooperation between the cerebal cortex and the neurons.C. how the neurons and the hippicampus are working.D. how much effort a human being is made in storing
45、received information.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is NOT true?A. All the information in the working memory can be stored in the long-term memory.B. Only some of the information can be stored in the long-term memory.C. If the received information is not juggled, it may soon depart from
46、 the memory.D. All the information in the long-term memory is from the working memory.（分数：1.50）A.B.C.D.The History of P Chipso, the first soap designed for washing machines; Dreft, the first household synthetic detergentand the first all vegetable shortening that changed the way America cooked, Crisco.In 1945, P stating that a transfer of its management to UN or international cooperative models would impede the free flow of information, leading (12) to easy manipulation of the Internet and make global supervision more difficult.At the same time, the US
