1、翻译二级笔译实务 2006年 11月及答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section English-Ch(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A Compulsory Tr(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulh
2、ollandism in waterand to chart a new course. They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the con
3、sequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes. Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of groundwaters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the p
4、ast three decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers. What is driving the global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quant
5、ity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinkingespecially in some of the poorest countries. Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management
6、 was based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability. Across the world, water-based ecological systemsrivers, lakes and watershedshave been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustain
7、ability by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over-exploitation. We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? For starters, we have to stop using water like there“s no tomorrowand that means using it more efficiently at levels that
8、do not destroy our environment. The buzz-phrase at the Mexico Water forum is “integrated water resource management.“ What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest. （分数：30.00）_三、Part B Choice of Two(总题数：
9、0，分数：0.00)四、Topic 1(总题数：1，分数：30.00)2.John Kenneth Galbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was 97. Mr. Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his 33 books was “The Affluent S
10、ociety“ (1958), one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compelling phrasesamong them “the affluent society,“ “conventional wisdom“ and “countervailing power“became part of the language. An imposing presence, lan
11、ky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though it may have been ignored as often as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted. Mr. Galbraith, a revered l
12、ecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless always commanded attention. From the 1930“s to the 1990“s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of the national political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders. He tutored Adlai E. Steve
13、nson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, on Keynesian economics. He advised President John E Kennedy (often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in their beloved Boston) and served as his ambassador to India. Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson o
14、ver the war in Vietnam, he helped conceive of Mr. Johnson“s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuing his opposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president. In the course of his lo
15、ng career, he undertook a number of government assignments, including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson. He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvard econo
16、mics department with “A Tenured Professor,“ ridiculing, among others, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself. At his death, Mr. Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated eco
17、nomics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers. （分数：30.00）_五、Topic 2(总题数：1，分数：30.00)3.LAST week, Indonesia announced its 43rd human death from bird flu. It has now recorded more fatalities than any other nation, and in stark contrast to all other countries
18、its death toll is climbing regularly. It looks as though things will get worse before they get better. The Indonesian government claims to be committed to fighting the disease, caused by the H5N1 virus, but it does not seem to want to spend much of its own money doing so. After the international com
19、munity pledged $900m in grants and slightly more in very soft loans to combat the spread of bird flu globally and to help nations prepare for a possible human flu pandemic, Indonesia put in a request for the full $900mall of it in grants. A national bird-flu commission was created in March to co-ord
20、inate the country“s response but it has yet to be given a budget. Its chief, meanwhile, has just been given a second full-time jobheading efforts to rebuild the part of Java devastated by an earthquake in May. Observers say that the available money is being mis-spent, with the focus on humans rather
21、 than on animals. The agriculture ministry, for example, is asking for less money for next year than it got this year. This is despite hundreds of thousands of hens dying every month, to say nothing of infected cats, quails, pigs and ducks. Farmers are being compensated at only 2,000 rupiah (21 cent
22、s) per bird, well below market price, thereby discouraging them from reporting outbreaks. The country“s veterinary surveillance services are inadequate. Pledges to vaccinate hundreds of millions of birds have not been met. The UN“s Food and Agriculture Organisation is starting to establish local dis
23、ease-control centres to cope with the effects of a virulent mutation, should one occur, but reckons that only one-third of the country will be covered by year“s end. A bunch of international do-gooders that is trying to plug some of the gaps is finding it hard to raise money. （分数：30.00）_六、Section Ch
24、inese-En(总题数：0，分数：0.00)七、Part A Compulsory Tr(总题数：1，分数：20.00)4.中国是农业大国，在中国成为发达国家的道路上，农业有着决定性的作用。中国的农业应该是世界的奇迹，养活了 13亿的人口，解决了世界 1/5人口的吃饭问题，对中国经济的快速发展起到了坚实的保障作用。特别是始于 1978年的改革开放最早从农村开始，使农业得到了进一步的发展，粮食、棉花、油料、糖料、肉类、水产品等产量均列世界第一位。中国农产品由极度短缺变为基本供给平衡，部分品种有余。但今天农村却不是改革开放的最大受益者，农业仍然处于传统农业向现代农业转变的发展阶段。 在中国，70
25、%左右的人口仍然要依靠这个传统的农业产业提供生存保障，近 50%的社会劳动人口仍然只能从农业中得到就业机会。农业生产产值占整个国民生产总值的比率在 15%左右。 因此农业的现代化在国家的整个现代化进程中，占有举足轻重的地位。“实现农业的现代化”，这是中国政府一直在坚持的农业发展方向。 （分数：20.00）_八、Part B Choice of Two(总题数：1，分数：20.00)5.维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。 中
26、国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。 中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。 （分数：20.00）_翻译二级
27、笔译实务 2006年 11月答案解析(总分：130.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section English-Ch(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A Compulsory Tr(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollan
28、dism in waterand to chart a new course. They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the conseque
29、nces in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes. Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of groundwaters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the past t
30、hree decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers. What is driving the global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quantity.
31、With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinkingespecially in some of the poorest countries. Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management was
32、based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability. Across the world, water-based ecological systemsrivers, lakes and watershedshave been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainabili
33、ty by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over-exploitation. We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? For starters, we have to stop using water like there“s no tomorrowand that means using it more efficiently at levels that do no
34、t destroy our environment. The buzz-phrase at the Mexico Water forum is “integrated water resource management.“ What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest. （分数：30.00）_正确答案：()解析：本周，世界水论坛在墨西哥城开幕，论坛将一直持
35、续到下周。来自政府、国际机构和非政府组织的代表们齐聚一堂，探讨全球用水遗留问题，共商未来用水大计。 会议选址墨西哥城再合适不过。墨西哥城地下蓄水层的开采速度是地下水补给速度的 2倍，由此造成墨西哥城以 10年 50厘米的速度不断下沉，现在，这里的许多教堂出现裂隙，艺术宫日益倾斜，水管和排污管道开裂。 世界上每个地区都面临水危机，只不过表现形式不同而已。在过去 30年间，印度和巴基斯坦的部分地区大肆开采地下水用于农业灌溉，致使水位下降了 30米，开采成本随之升高，给当地贫苦农民的生计带来严重影响。 全球水危机的成因是什么?部分原因是实际可用水资源短缺。水不同于石油或煤炭，是一种无限可再生资源，但
36、是可用水资源却十分有限。目前，用水增加速度是人口增速的 2倍，人均可用水资源在不断减少，一些最不发达国家尤其如此。 一些国家的实际可用水资源确实存在严重短缺的问题，不过水危机的发生还有其深层次的原因。20 世纪的水资源管理模式存在问题：人们想当然地认为，水资源取之不竭，用之不尽，是一种免费资源，人们用水毫无节制，随意修建水坝或开展调水工程，根本意识不到水资源短缺的问题，也不考虑这种用水模式是否具有可持续性。 世界各地的决策者对过度开采水资源可能产生的后果视而不见、不管不问，现在江河湖泊等水生态系统都遭到严重破坏，可持续性开始受到威胁。 在 21世纪，我们必须改变这种水资源管理模式。如何加以改变
37、呢?首先，我们必须摒弃这种“有今没明”、短视自利的用水模式，提高用水效率，避免对环境造成破坏。本次墨西哥水论坛的主要议题是“水资源综合管理”，旨在敦促各国政府综合管理不同用水需求，从公共利益出发合理利用宝贵的水资源。三、Part B Choice of Two(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Topic 1(总题数：1，分数：30.00)2.John Kenneth Galbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusett
38、s. He was 97. Mr. Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his 33 books was “The Affluent Society“ (1958), one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compelling phrasesam
39、ong them “the affluent society,“ “conventional wisdom“ and “countervailing power“became part of the language. An imposing presence, lanky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though it may have been ignored as oft
40、en as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted. Mr. Galbraith, a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless always commanded attention. From the 1930“s to the 1990“s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of the natio
41、nal political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders. He tutored Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, on Keynesian economics. He advised President John E Kennedy (often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober r
42、estaurant in their beloved Boston) and served as his ambassador to India. Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the war in Vietnam, he helped conceive of Mr. Johnson“s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuin
43、g his opposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president. In the course of his long career, he undertook a number of government assignments, including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D.
44、 Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson. He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvard economics department with “A Tenured Professor,“ ridiculing, among others, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself. At his death, Mr. Galbr
45、aith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated economics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers. （分数：30.00）_正确答案：()解析：反传统经济学家、教育家和外交家约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思于周六在 6萨诸塞州剑桥的一家医院去世，享年 97岁。
46、约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思的经济学论著读者众多，他一生共著有 33部巨作，其中 1958年出版的富裕社会是推动一个国家重新审视其价值观的为数不多的经典论著之一。约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思文笔流畅，即便是复杂话题在他笔下也能写得行云流水。约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思提出的许多颇具影响力的术语，如：“富裕社会(affluent society)”，“传统智慧(conventional wisdom)”和“抗衡力(countervailing power)”，逐渐为大众接受并成为常用语。 约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思身高 6英尺 8寸，身材修长，仪表堂堂。国家领导人经常向他咨询，而他则出谋划策、畅所欲言，虽然只有近半建议终获采
47、纳。约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思对于自己无法接受的传统观点直接提出挑战，从不刻意回避。 约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思是一位德高望重的教授，一代又一代哈佛学子曾经聆听过他的教诲。不过，约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思的一言一行又总是备受关注。 20世纪 30年代至 90年代，约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思曾帮助指导民主党全国政治辩论，对民主党的发展方向及其领导人的思维方式都产生了重要影响。 曾经代表民主党参加 1952年和 1956年两届总统竞选的阿德莱E史蒂文森也曾师从约翰肯尼思加尔布雷思学习凯恩斯经济理论。他还曾任美国约翰肯尼迪总统的顾问(二人经常在他们钟爱的波士顿Locke-Ober餐厅边吃炖龙虾边谈正事)，约翰肯尼迪担任总统期间，他还担任过美国驻印度大使。 虽然加尔布雷思在越战问题上与林顿B约翰逊总统意见相左，但还是帮助约翰逊总统提出了“大社会”计划，并为其撰写了一篇重要的演讲稿，专门阐释推行该计划的目标。在 1968年，反战立场坚定的加尔布雷思转而帮助参议员尤金J麦卡锡竞选民主党党内总统候选人的提名。 在其漫长的职业生涯中，格贝斯执行过多项政府要务，包括在第二次世界大战期间组织开展物价调控工作，先后为富兰克林D罗斯福、肯尼迪和约翰逊总统担任演讲撰稿人。 格贝斯
