1、翻译二级口译实务-环境保护(Environmental+Protection)及答案解析(总分：200.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B英译汉/B(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.B Passage 1/B To me, the most interesting and immediate question is not whether the United States will ratify the Kyoto Protocol, but whether other parties are prepared to work toward that goal. The next few
2、 months will determine whether other patties choose an agreement on their terms without the United States, or whether they prefer an agreement that may require some compromise of ideological positions, but will in fact be effective and will include the United States. / I believe the EU and others, f
3、or a number of reasons, will conclude that its interests and those of the environment lie in crafting an agreement that the United States can support. The United States accounts for approximately 25% of global industrial emissions. Any agreement that excludes the United States will not control globa
4、l warming. In addition, European businesses may wonder why they are asked to assume significant new climate change obligations if U.S. competitors are not going to be subject to roughly the same rules. / I might note two additional factors relevant here: first, the idea of emissions trading is growi
5、ng in popularity in capitals on the continent, and also in London and Brussels. Second, economists are warning that few countries, with the notable exception of the United Kingdom, are on track to meet their Kyoto commitments. I am hopeful that these forces will allow governments at COP-6 to mold th
6、e Protocol into a sensible, practical shape, one which the United States can support. / Let me say a word more about developing countrys participation because this is an area where the United States is frequently misunderstood. The undeniable fact is that climate change is a global problem that requ
7、ires a global solution. To be sure, industrialization in the North contributed enormously to increased greenhouse gas concentrations. Developed countries, including the Untied States, must take significant steps immediately. / Acting alone, however, developed countries cannot stabilize global greenh
8、ouse gas concentrations. From a scientific standpoint, meaningful participation by key developing countries is a necessity. Several large developing countries will soon become the worlds leading emitters. Developing countries already produce 44% of global fossil fuel emissions. In addition, developi
9、ng countries are responsible for a disproportionate share of deforestation and other land-use practices that have raised carbon concentrations. / Per capita energy intensity ratios in some, not all, developing countries continue to rise briskly, despite the existence of clean technologies that were
10、not invented when developed countries were industrialized. In the immediate future, 80% of new electric power generation projects will occur in developing countries. All of us want those projects to use the latest cutting edge technologies. / I mention these facts not to bicker about past or future
11、responsibility, for that detracts from our common cause of halting global warming, but to highlight the need for all countries to be a part of the solution. / In a very real sense, developing countries have the most to gain from an effective Protocol in which all the industrialized countries partici
12、pate. For developing countries, unfortunately, have the least capacity to adapt to climate change. The longer we wait, the harder it will be to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at acceptable levels and the harder these countries will be hit. / The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Chang
13、e points the way: each nation should take national and international steps commensurate with its capacity to contribute to the global solution based on the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities“. / Many developing countries have taken significant unilateral action already. China,
14、for example, has sought to conserve energy and reduce emissions growth while simultaneously raising living standards dramatically. Without price reforms and energy efficiency gains, Chinas emissions would be more than 50% higher than they are now. / We recognize, moreover, that some developing count
15、ries may lack the capacity to assume and implement legally binding emissions targets at this time. For these countries, other types of action would be appropriate at present. All developing countries should explore opportunities under the Clean Development Mechanism, adopt sound national policies on
16、 energy and land use, and pursue other climate-friendly measures under the Framework Convention. / The negotiating histories of both the Framework Convention and Kyoto Protocol demonstrate general agreement on the need to mitigate climate change while allowing for continued economic growth. The Unti
17、ed States believes this formula remains the key to securing developing country action. Developing countries are finding in the Kyoto Protocol avenues to pursue their development and environmental goals simultaneously. There is a growing recognition of the potential of the Clean Development Mechanism
18、 to direct advanced technology and major capital flows to the developing world. / (Excerpts from “Under Secretary of State Loy on Kyoto Protocol“ made by former Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs Frank E. Loy to American Bar Association Conference)（分数：25.00）_2.B Passage 2/B Just a couple of
19、 days ago, climbers, backed by United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), returned from the Himalayas, where they gathered first-hand accounts from monks, local people and other travelers on the state of the environment of the worlds most famous mountain range. They have recorded in words, in photog
20、raphs, and on film, the dramatic impacts that global warming is having on glaciers, causing them to rapidly thaw, and build up melt waters in mountain lakes. As a result, these lakes could soon burst, sending millions of tons of water and rubble swirling down the valleys threatening life and limb. /
21、 The expedition has also looked at the impacts of tourism on the mountains, concluding that much of what is happening is environmentally damaging, and a burden on the people, wildlife and landscapes of these once pristine wilderness areas. / Every year World Environment Day is an occasion to pause a
22、nd reflect on the state of the environment. This year especially, faced with the findings of our climbers, in the International Year of the Mountains, I urge you to “Give Earth a Chance“. I ask you to look at our daily impact on the planet and its peoples, and to take action to improve our environme
23、ntal behavior. / Although mountains have been revered since time began, such beliefs are no longer enough to preserve fragile mountain ecosystems, for the well-being of all. We face an immense challenge, the challenge of ensuring their stability and preservation for the generations to come. / Mounta
24、ins are our water-towers. Mountains are a major source of energy. Mountains feed those living on them. Mountain ecosystems are linked to life in the lowlands, to freshwater and to the seas. Mountains are islands of rich biological and cultural diversity, home to unique plants, animals, languages and
25、 traditions. / Sustainable development is a must. We need to combine the environmental dimension with social activity and economic development. This must be our common target, especially in mountain regions. Without sustainable development we cannot solve the problems. It is not enough to simply say
26、 we have a conservation plan for nature, and natural resources. / We must give people a chance to live and survive in these regions, therefore we need jobs; we need a perspective for young people to remain there and not go to the big cities. Mountains are virtual treasure chests of untapped economic
27、 potentialvital to sustainable development. This was recognized by the Earth Summit in Rio. / Mountains attract tourists, but tourism has to be well managed to minimize impact on sensitive mountain environments. Respect should be the byword of the tourists, and tour operators, that bring people into
28、 contact with local people and landscapes, /The respect includes paying local people a decent wage, sourcing local food and materials where possible, and observing local customs, beliefs and traditions. Tourists are guests in other peoples ecosystems and should behave as such. Mountains as a resourc
29、e HAVE to be valued, and some of that value has to benefit mountain dwellers. Earnings from tourism should be shared equitably between all stakeholders. / Especially this year, the International Year of Ecotourism, every effort should be made to promote Ecotourism in mountains. For some communities
30、and regions, sustainable tourism can be a first step towards sustainable development. Let us hope that all societies will come to revere mountains, and thus be motivated to invest in them, preserve this unique asset, and in turn reap benefit from it. / On this World Environment Day let us all begin
31、to act for the conservation not only of the mountains, but the sea, the land, water and the air too. Let us act to give the Earth a chance. An unpolluted pristine environment is vital to our survival, a precious resource, which will only endure if we Give Earth a Chance. / “Give Earth a Chance“ by o
32、f UNEP former Executive Director Klaus Toepfer on the occasion of World Environment Day 5 June, 2002)（分数：25.00）_3.B Passage 3/B The issue of climate change is now very, very critical indeed. Let me try and explain to you frankly what I see, from the policy-makers point of view, as the two difficulti
33、es weve got to overcome and how we overcome them. / The first is that I think there is a clear recognition round the world now that something is happening to our climatepeople are experiencing it and feeling it. Nonetheless, the timeframe over which some of these things are going to impact is certai
34、nly beyond any very short-term political cycle, and often stretches significantly into the future. Thats one issue. / And the other issue is that there has grown up round the world, a debate, that sometimes I think takes place on a quite false basis but nonetheless is there, that somehow there is a
35、trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection, so that if we improve the protection of our environment, we may inhibit our ability to grow and to enjoy rising living standards. / Now each of these two issues has to be confronted. How do we do that, is the real question. The first is
36、 how do we get the world to think long-term about this? We have to continue to build a very strong base of support and agitation for change, not just in the political world but in civic society as well. I think that is enormously important, the pressure on this has got to come on governments from pe
37、ople, not merely on governments from their own internal mechanisms. / We are committed to the Kyoto Protocol. We believe it is essential that we have that implemented. We in our country will abide by our Kyoto targets, but I just want to make one point to you. When I asked for an analysis to be done
38、 by David King and his colleagues of what the true scale of the challenge was, we learned that even if we were to implement the Kyoto Protocol, it falls significantly short of what we will need over the next half century if we are to tackle this problem seriously and properly. / So even, and this is
39、 a tall order in some ways at the moment, if we succeed in getting support for the Kyoto Protocol, we are still, even having done that, only in the position of having achieved a first step. It will be an important recognition, but it is only a first step and we need to be building a clearer understa
40、nding of the fact that even with Kyoto we are still a long way short of what we actually need to do. And weve got to build support in the political institutions of which were a part in order to make sure that case is properly understood. / I think we have to make sure that this occupies, as an issue
41、, a central place in political decision-making beyond any election or parliamentary cycle. Its beyond the life of any government. Its beyond the life of any passing political phase. It has to be there, central in the politics of each country, built up not just from support within government, but fro
42、m support within civic society over a period of time. / The second point is about the conflict between the supposition that we need to grow continually and that we cannot grow unless we degrade our environment. That is the importance of a Climate Group that involves not just states and cities but al
43、so business so that there are practical, clear examples of how good environmental policy is also good business policy and is right for growth. If you look in the 12 years 1990 to 2002, we in Britain cut our emissions by about 15 percent whilst we were growing at 30 percent. It is possible to do. / S
44、howing that cities and states and businesses can do good environmental policy and actually reap an economic benefit is enormously important because that debate about some supposed trade- off between environmental protection and economic growth is still there. We may all, in this room, believe that t
45、hat argument has been resolved long ago, but I can tell you there is a large part of business and many countries that still see that trade-off existing. / (Excerpts from UK Prime Ministers speech on climate change delivered on April 27, 2004)（分数：25.00）_4.B Passage 4/B That brings me to my final poin
46、t, which is how do we help give the Climate Group the focus that it needs. I think one part of this is that you provide us with a lot of information, the detail, the examples, the living proof, of what good environmental policy can achieve. That is one important part. / The second thing is, that we
47、use, as our country, our position in every way we can to push this agenda at a senior level. Ive already said that for Britains chairmanship of the G8 next year, there should be two issues for us: one is Africa, the other is climate change. Now I think it is important that we take a clear case on cl
48、imate change to the G8 next year. Im not saying it will always be easy, but its important that the case is made, and I think that will give a focus to the efforts that are being made by this group and by others, not just in this country, but elsewhere in the world. / So I wanted to come and participate in the launch of The Climate Group for a very simple reason. When I first became Prime Minister, I obviously had a certain instinctive position about this issue and we as a political party coming into government had certain policies abou
