1、翻译二级口译实务-文化教育(Culture+and+Education)及答案解析(总分：200.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B英译汉/B(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.B Passage 1 /B Changes in educational approaches, beliefs and practices come faster today than most teachers, parents and children can begin to assimilate. Speedy results are seen as politically necessary. When
2、 new approaches are not successful immediately, they are abandoned in favor of even newer ones. / In repeated and accelerated cycles of change it is the children who suffer. Hurried through the school day and through the grade levels, they are left with little time to reflect on what they are learni
3、ng or where their lives are beaded. Our schools tend to be fact factories, cramming more into every minute of every hour of every day. There always seems to be more curriculum to cover and more tests to takebut never any time added to the day. Children and teachers are left gasping for air. / We mus
4、t stop hurrying children and give them adequate time for learning. We need more clarity, more planning and less impulsive implementation of “the latest best thing.“ There is an urgent need in our schools for increased accountability and more focused attention on basic skills. But that very urgency m
5、ust not lead us to rush. The pace of change must be reasonable and related to the right pace for childrens learning. / True learning requires time: time to wonder, time to share and time to pay attention to what is most important. To hurry through classes and a predetermined timetable of achievement
6、s is contrary to the nature of children and will do irreparable damage to their minds and souls. School comes from the Greek word schol which translates literally as “leisure.“ Consider how far weve moved from our educational roots! /（分数：25.00）_2.B Passage 2 /B For the past two decades, I have worke
7、d in consultation with administrators and teachers in hundreds of schools that are committed to school-wide reform. Using an approach known as the Responsive Classroom model, these schools are working to improve the quality of education by making significant changes in the way time is structured and
8、 used. This model allows more time for relationships, in-depth research, inquiry and reflection. Schools commit a minimum of three years to implement the Responsive Classroom model. Below are some of the key systemic changes that this model advocates. / 1Allow time for in-depth learning, investigati
9、on and contemplation by narrowing the scope of the curriculum and lengthening time blocks. The answer to meeting each days curriculum expectations is found in a paradox. We must consider smaller topics for longer periods of time in order to accomplish more. This can be clearly seen at the middle sch
10、ool level, where recent research findings have made it evident that block scheduling, small classes and “advisory“ periods improve student behavior and academic performance. / 2Begin the school year slowly: Encourage teachers to take time to set clear social and academic expectations and to establis
11、h an atmosphere of trust. Instruction cannot be delivered in classrooms where children are unfocused, inattentive and struggling with one another. Teachers must know how to create a trustworthy space for learning before learning can occur. /During the first six weeks, teachers set goals, generate ru
12、les with students and guide students discoveries of new materials, equipment and supplies. They take time to build trust so students will take risks, ask questions and state their ideas. In the long run both teachers and students gain time by taking time. Discipline problems are fewer and less time-
13、consuming than in classrooms where the social expectations are not clear. Children better understand academic expectations, and academic outcomes improve. / 3Allow time for reflection and review throughout the year. Periods following vacations require review of social and academic expectations. Taki
14、ng the time for this reexamination of basic expectations will create more time for learning. During the last six weeks of school, students should reflect on their year in order to see all they have accomplished. / 4Adjust the schedule of the school day to change the nature and productivity of the af
15、ternoon. In the middle of the day the children need a break from the rigor of academics. Many schools use a midday schedule that gives children recess, followed by lunch and then quiet time. This break helps children to be productive and engaged in the afternoon. The idea of a quiet time after lunch
16、 may be unthinkable to many teachers, given all they believe they must fit into the day, but here, again, is a paradox of teaching and learning: Quiet time away from academic demands increases learning. / 5Change the school schedule to allow more time for teachers, staff, administration and parents
17、to interact with one another. Devising schedules that allow time for grade-level and team planning is an important administrative function. Administrators should schedule the first parent/ teacher conference as close to the beginning of the year as possible. By asking parents what they would like th
18、eir children to learn in school this year, a partnership between home and school can be created before problems have a chance to arise. Teachers also can use this conference to share goals, learn about their students and share their expectations. / If we truly wish to transform our schools into chal
19、lenging, exciting and secure places, we need an education system that is dedicated, from top to bottom, to giving teachers more time to teach and children more time to learn. /（分数：25.00）_3.B Passage 3 /B The Australia-China relationship is now, as some of you have heard, thirty years old，and thirty
20、years ago it is probably fair to say there were no official Chinese residents with appropriate visas studying in Australia. Today, that number exceeds 25,000 and is projected to exceed 100, 000 in ten years time. Education is the eighth largest export earner for Australia and to give you some idea o
21、f what that means, there are 38 universities in Australia. /My university, the University of New South Wales, has been active in the region, but last year overseas students brought in 128 million dollars to one university. Our local fee paying students brought in 34 million dollars. Those of you who
22、 dont know Australia might think thats strange, but of course the vast majority of our local students study in a government subsidized manner but also making some contribution themselves later on in life when they start to earn money. / I wouldnt like you to think for one moment that I think educati
23、on is about earning money, and I merely talked about the money education brings to Australia to reinforce what a big program it is and how important it is for Australia. and for Australian finances and there seems little doubt that governments really are obsessed by export dollars. Im not saying tha
24、ts wrong Im just making a comment, but governments are obsessed by export dollars and therefore education is important. / When I went to school, and I went to a government funded public school, there were about 750 boys at that school, and there were two Chinese students one of whom was me. Last yea
25、r I spoke at a speech day. It is now a co-educational school, but 70 percent of the students were of Asian heritage, and of that 70 percent, about three quarters of them were Chinese. Its a selective school and therefore reflects, I think, the Chinese and the Vietnamese families determination that e
26、ducation is important if they want their children to succeed. /I think thats great, but if any of you have visited the campus of my university you would notice one thing and that is it looks very Asian. At the present time, the University of NSW has about 34,000 students, 27 percent of whom are over
27、seas students and the majority of those are ethnic Chinese but if you look at the campus you would think about 55 to 60 percent look Asian because the other quarter are like me, Asians who are Australians. And thats an interesting reflection of whats happened to Australia. / (Excerpts from the speec
28、h delivered by Dr. John Yu, Chairman of the Australia-China Council, on the Australia-China Oration Series 2002, November 6, Beijing)（分数：25.00）_4.B Passage 4 /B By and large, governments of all persuasions, of all political persuasions in Australia have been reducing proportionately the amount of mo
29、ney that goes to education and many of us think that really is a great pity and shows a lack of foresight into what Australia really needs, but that nonetheless is what is happening. As a result of that many universities and schools are heavily dependent on overseas students to make up the shortfall
30、. /I think we need to be really very careful in Australia that as this trend continues that overseas students who come to Australia not only to learn facts, but also to learn something about Australia and the Australian way of life otherwise they will have a very skewed view of what our Australia is
31、 about. Because I think it is important that if you go to an Australian university then at least youd meet a reasonable number of Australians. / There is a big push from many universities to recruit more and more students and more and more overseas students, but in a climate when there isnt a lot of
32、 money for further strengthening of education and educational methods and facilities. If we all keep trying to recruit more and more students, then the experience is going to deteriorate and my university for example has decided to cap the number of students at the university. Because we believe tha
33、t if we have many more students then we wont be able to do it properly. / There arent many universities in the fortunate position of my own to be able to do that. And the reason why we can do it is if you take a couple of our more popular faculties to get to university, you need something which we c
34、all UAI (University of New South Wales Admission Index). To get into medicine at UNSW you need to have a pass mark of 99. 8%. To get into law and commerce you need a pass mark of 97.5%. Now a lot of you in this room tonight will know what I mean when I say that Chinese and Vietnamese especially valu
35、e education and therefore it wouldnt be surprising to know that proportionally more Chinese and Vietnamese kids get their 99.8s and 97. 5s. / I took a university graduation on Friday before I came up here. It was a commerce graduation and of 200 graduates, 150 were Asian. Half of those were local ki
36、ds, the other half were overseas. Commerce is something that is particularly popular, particularly in Hong Kong and Singapore, but its probably a reasonable indication of what is happening. And all I am really trying to make a point about is that if we accept money from overseas students and from ov
37、erseas families, then there is a responsibility that we give them the good education, the good experience. Im not saying we dont do it, but I think what is important is that we recognize that the experience we are giving them is potentially threatened by the large numbers coming in which are not bei
38、ng matched by the provision of adequate resources to service them. I think its great to take more and more students as long as we can service them properly. / (Excerpts from the speech delivered by Dr. John Yu, Chairman of the Australia-China Council, on the Australia-China Oration Series 2002, Nove
39、mber 6, Beijing)（分数：25.00）_二、B汉译英/B(总题数：4，分数：100.00)5.B第一篇/B 世界著名的格萨尔王传是藏族人民在漫长历史长河中创造出来的一部珍贵的长篇英雄史诗，是中国乃至世界文学宝库中少有的珍品，但一直是通过民间说唱艺人口头流传为了保护藏民族的这一文化瑰宝，西藏自治区于 1979 年成立了抢救、整理格萨尔王传的专门机构，进行全面搜集、采录、整理、研究和出版工作。国家将格萨尔列入“六五”、“七五”、“八五”三个五年计划的重点科研项目。/经过 20 年的努力，共搜集藏文手抄本、木刻本近 300 部，除去异文本约有 100 部，现已正式出版藏文本 70 余部
40、，总印数达 300 余万册，使这一长期零散传唱的口头文学变成了一部系统完整、被称为“世界史诗之王”的文学巨著、同时还出版了 20 多部汉译本，并有若干种译成英、日、法文出版。这在藏族民间文艺遗产的保护以及出版史上都是前所未有的。/ 西藏的现代文学艺术事业在同民族传统形式、风格和特色相结合的过程中得到了巨大发展。西藏和平解放后，一批从内地进藏的各族文艺工作者一边深入现实生活，一边发掘继承优秀的民族文艺传统，创作了一批诗歌、小说、歌舞、美术、电影、摄影等作品，给处于封闭和半封闭状态的西藏带来了新的文艺思想和文艺创作经验。/（分数：25.00）_6.B第二篇/B 近五年来，在中央人民政府和兄弟省、市
41、的支援下，西藏的文化设施建设力度显著加大。累计投资 1.4046 亿元。目前，西藏已建成各级群众艺术馆、综合文化馆和文化站 400 多个，这些文化场所可以开展内容丰富、形式多样的文娱、体育活动。/西藏图书馆于 1996 年 7 月开馆，现已接待藏族读者 10 余万人次。西藏现有县级乌兰牧骑演出队 17 个，业余文艺演出队和藏戏演出队 160 余个，他们常年活跃在农牧区，深受群众喜爱，不少节目在全国性和自治区文艺汇演中获奖。各地、市、县还举办不定期的群众文艺汇演，促进了群众文化活动的繁荣。近几年，每逢藏族传统节日“雪顿节”，西藏都举行藏戏、歌舞演出，开展丰富多彩的群众自娱性传统文化活动。/而且国
42、家投资 260 多万元在堆龙德庆县建成了国家级农村儿童文化园，并于 1996 年成立了西藏少年儿童艺术团。西藏少年儿童艺术团两度赴北京演出，并于 1998 年赴美国参加国际儿童艺术节演出，均获得巨大成功。/1995 年至 1999 年，西藏自治区先后派出包括藏族群众业余演出团在内的 40 个艺术团组 360 人次，到世界五大洲 20 多个国家和地区进行演出、展览和学术交流活动，所到之处无不引起轰动。/（分数：25.00）_7.B第三篇/B 中国拥有自己的体育传统。大约在公元 11 世纪宋朝的时候，人们开始玩一种叫做“蹴鞠”的游戏。这个游戏被认为是古代足球的起源，在当时非常流行，女性们也自成一队
43、，玩得兴高采烈。现在，您该明白为什么我们现在的女子足球队那么厉害了。/ 在北京，有许许多多精彩纷呈的事情在恭候您，这是一座充满活力的现代都市，3000 年的历史文化与都市的繁荣相互交织。除了紫禁城、天坛和万里长城这几个标志性建筑，北京拥有无数的戏院、博物馆和迪斯科厅，各种各样的餐厅和购物场所。这一切的一切，都会令您感到惊奇和高兴。/除此之外，北京城里还有千千万万友善的人民，热爱与世界各地的人民相处。北京人民相信在北京举办 2008 年奥运会将推动我们文化与全世界各种文化的交流。他们将向您和您所领导的奥林匹克运动尽情表达他们对奥运会的感激之情。/ 在我们的文化计划中，教育和交流将是我们的首要重点
44、。我们将在全国弘扬奥运精神，以留下一笔精神和体育财富。/ 从 2005 年至2008 年，我们每年将定期举办文化活动。我们将开展多元文化活动，如由全世界青少年参加的音乐会、展览、艺术比赛和野营。在奥运会期间，这些文化活动将同时在奥运村和全市范围内展开，以方便运动员们参与。/ 我们的开、闭幕式将为中国和世界杰出艺术家提供舞台，讴歌人类的共同理想、我们独特的文化和奥林匹克运动。/ 基于丝绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力将开创新局面，从奥林匹亚山，途经人类古老的文明发源地希腊、罗马、埃及、拜占庭、美索不达米亚、波斯、阿拉伯、印度和中国。以“共享和平，共享奥运”为主题，奥运永恒不息的火焰将穿越喜马拉雅
45、山脉，到达世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰，也就是 Mt. Everest，从而达到一个新的高度。/在中国，奥运圣火将通过西藏，穿过长江和黄河，踏上长城，途经香港、澳门、台湾并在组成我们国家的 56 个民族中传递。通过这样的路线，比以往任何一次接力数量都多的人民将目睹火炬，并受到鼓舞。/ 如此短的时间实在是难以展现我们文化计划的全貌。在我陈述结束前，我想告诉您一个故事。700 年前，惊奇于他有关那个美丽的遥远国度的描述，人们问马可波罗：您那些有关中国的故事是真的吗?他回答道：我只不过将我所见到的向你们描述了一半而已。事实上，今天我们向您展示的也仅仅是正在恭候您到来的北京一隅。/ 女士们，先生们，我相信北京
46、将向运动员、观众以及全世界的电视观众证明：这是一块神奇的土地。到我们中间来吧。/ (节选自 2001 年 7 月 13 日中国代表团成员杨澜在国际奥委会上的申奥陈述)（分数：25.00）_8.B第四篇/B 女士们、先生们、朋友们! 一个音符无法表达出优美的旋律，一种颜色难以描绘出多彩的画卷。世界是一座丰富多彩的艺术殿堂，各国人民创造的独特文化都是这座殿堂里的瑰宝。一个民族的文化，往往凝聚着这个民族对世界和生命的历史认知和现实感受，也往往积淀着这个民族最深层的精神追求和行为准则。人类历史发展的过程，就是各种文明不断交流、融合、创新的过程。人类历史上各种文明都以各自的独特方式为人类进步做出了贡献。
47、/ 文明多样性是人类社会的客观现实，是当今世界的基本特征，也是人类进步的重要动力。历史经验表明，在人类文明交流的过程中，不仅需要克服自然的屏障和隔阂，而且需要超越思想的障碍和束缚，更需要克服形形色色的偏见和误解。/意识形态、社会制度、发展模式的差异不应成为人类文明交流的障碍，更不能成为相互对抗的理由、我们应该积极维护世界多样性，推动不同文明的对话和交融，相互借鉴而不是相互排斥，使人类更加和睦幸福，让世界更加丰富多彩。/ 女士们、先生们、朋友们! 文化、教育和青年交流是中美两国人民增进相互了解和友谊的重要桥梁，也是推动中美关系健康稳定发展的重要力量。耶鲁大学是中美教育合作的先行者和文化交流的重要平台156 年前，一位名叫容闳的中国青年走进了耶鲁大学校园，四年后他以优异的成绩获得了文学士学位，成为毕业于美国大学的第一个中国留学生。此后，一批又一批中国青年来到耶鲁大学求学。/ 近 20 年来，耶鲁大学吸引了 40
