1、翻译二级口译实务-卫生与健康(Public+Health)及答案解析(总分：200.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、B英译汉/B(总题数：4，分数：100.00)1.B Passage 1 /B Honorable Ministers， Your Excellencies， Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great pleasure to welcome you to the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Contr
2、ol. One hundred and twenty one countries are now contracting parties to the Convention. Of these, 110 are here today, with full powers of participation. You represent nearly three quarters of the worlds population. You represent nations at all levels of income and all stages of development. /In this
3、 powerful gathering, we have three of the five top tobacco-leaf exporting countries, and four of the five top cigarette-exporting countries. This group of countries represents 69% of the worlds cigarette consumption. It might seem astonishing that this group is also preparing to put into action the
4、roadmap for countries to control tobacco. But this group has already changed history. / When the process began there was some skepticism over its success. The skeptics were wrong. You are driving change forward. To name some examples: India has introduced comprehensive tobacco advertising bans. Aust
5、ralia, Brazil, Canada, Singapore and Thailand have introduced highly visible graphic warnings on cigarette packets. The European Union is on its way to doing the same. In Ireland, Norway, and now in Spain, smoking has been banned in indoor public places. These, and other similar steps, will result i
6、n a major reduction in tobacco deaths. / New York State passed a smoking ban. It termed this act its “strongest public health policy ever“. Ironically, now its said that the only place you can smoke with impunity in New York City is the United Nations Building. Both Ann Veneman and I have said that
7、this is wrong. / Smoking should be banned in all UN premises. Also, cigarette sales should be banned in all United Nations premises. After all, the people who are smoking in the UN building sometimes are the representatives of the same Member States who have signed up to the Framework Convention. Bu
8、t it can be hard to put agreements into practice. We will all face this. / Ladies and gentlemen, when we know that, in an Irish pub, a smoking ban can really work, then we know that anything is possible. Smoking is an advance contract. Those who smoke dont pay now, but will do so 30 to 40 years late
9、r, when their health fails. They pay with lung cancer, with obstructive airways disorders, with cardiovascular diseases. One in two smokers pays with their life. We have to help them stop smoking. We have to prevent them from starting. / This convention is something that we all committed to. Its pro
10、visions are bold. They are based on knowledge of what is effective. We will make it work. Thank you. / (Speech by LEE Jong-wook, former Director-general of WHO, at the Conference of the Parties in Geneva on February 6, 2006)（分数：25.00）_2.B Passage 2 /B Ladies and Gentlemen, Ten years ago, food safety
11、 was not on many peoples mind in Europe. We all expected our food to be safe, not only because it generally was safe, but also because incidences of chemical or microbiological contamination were local in nature. So was the reporting about them. A conference like this one would not generate much int
12、erest beyond the people present. / What a contrast with the present. Today, food safety is one of the highest priority issues for consumers, producers and governments alike, all over Europe. / What has caused this change? The occurrence of BSE, of course, which brought with it the link to the terrib
13、le and fatal Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, created a widespread and deep-set unease about meat products. Yet, for a long time, continental Europeans left the worrying to the unfortunate British, safe in their conviction that the danger was contained by the Channel. / No longer. The consequences
14、 of BSE are felt across Europe and beyond. And the recent occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease spread alarm across Europe in a matter of days. even though it has no direct relation to human health. Through such and other incidents, European consumers have woken up to the reality that the trade in fo
15、od and farm products is truly internationalnot least because countries of origin are clearly marked on supermarket produce. They are starting to discover the intricate network of international trade that underlies the food industry and brings products to supermarket shelves. / Still, based on eviden
16、ce, it is clear that the main food safety problems are not the spectacular outbreaks which make their way into the media. In fact, the problem is a vast number of sporadic cases, many of which not only fail to reach the headlines; they dont even make it into our reporting system. / As I look at the
17、vast area of food safety from the point of the World Health Organization, I see three major challenges to protect the health of the consumer: 1) We need to accept that the systems we use in Europe to ensure food safety are not as good as we have come to believe. To improve these systems and re-estab
18、lish consumer confidence, we must reassess them all the way from the farm to the table; / 2) We need to ensure reasonable food safety standards that apply throughout the world and assist all countries to reach these standards. In the long run, it is in our own self interest to do so. Secondly, unles
19、s we do so, developing countries cannot participate in global trading systems: / 3) We must develop global standards for pre-market approval systems of genetically modified food to ensure that these new products not only are safe, but also beneficial for consumers and more efficient than existing pr
20、oducts. / (Excerpts from the speech “Food Safetya World-wide Challenge“ by Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former Director-general of World Health Organization, Uppsala, Sweden)（分数：25.00）_3.B Passage 3 /B Between the 1950s and 1980s, we saw tremendous improvements in the safety of the food we eat in Euro
21、pe. What we can call the “first wave“ of food safety measures came with the pasteurization of milk and milk products and the introduction of rigid and effective hygiene systems in the production chain, mainly from the dairy and the abattoir to the supermarket. / The “second wave“ of food safety meas
22、ures came with the widespread introduction of HACCP, the hazard control system for the production chain. Yet, since the early 1980s, we have seen a marked increase in the reports of food-borne diseases, resulting from chemical or pathogenic contamination. / The number of confirmed cases of human dis
23、ease caused by Salmonella has increased significantly since 1985as much as five-fold in some European countries. For Campylobacter the increase has in some countries been even higher. Even though some of this could reflect better reporting, I believe everybody would agree that these problems are of
24、a size that warrants action. / This situation, and associated loss of public confidence, suggests that something has gone wrong. We need a “third wave“ of food safety measures. This third wave must be a focus on the direct risk to humans. We need to begin with the epidemiology of food-borne diseases
25、 and track them back through the food chain, all the way to the farm. This represents a tremendous challenge for the governments of Europe. / It means building up the capacityand making effective use of expertise in assessing risks to human health. It means building up capacity for epidemiological t
26、racking and mapping of food-related diseases, something that until now has held a rather low priority among most health authorities. It means improving our data collection efforts for both the pathogens in the food and human disease, so that the data are comparable both along the whole food chain an
27、d between regions and countries. We always have to remember that food chains are international. / And it will mean that officials concerned with agricultural productivity, and officials responsible for the health of populations, work together. Not only must they communicate. They must collaborate cl
28、osely so that they can quickly trace back each incident of suspected food-borne disease to its source, analyze the size and geography of the problem and suggest both short and long term remedial measures. / This all calls for political action. Peopleboth as consumers and producersexpect their govern
29、ment officials to work together for the common good. They demand this of those who represent them in government. Not only do they expect their politicians to make sure that government works in the primary interests of those who consume food: they also expect politicians to take action based on exper
30、t evidence. This calls for political courage, and for openness in government processes, so that risk assessment and analysis are transparent and available for public scrutiny. Only then can public health be maintained, andat the same timeconsumer confidence be restored. / This will mean a restructur
31、ing of agricultural ministries so that they move beyond a primary focus on economic issues. They need to represent the interests of the whole community producers, processors and consumers. This kind of transformation will make for a healthier base for the future of the industry: this is already taki
32、ng place in several European countries. The current efforts of the European Commission to strengthen and focus the scientific advice for food safety are an important contribution to the reforms already taking place in several countries. / It will also mean that ministries of health have to take inte
33、rest in, and give priority to, action to monitor and prevent food-borne illness. They would need to strengthen their food safety resources and improve collaboration with other ministries. An incident of suspected food poisoning should no longer just be seen by doctors as a temporary health problem.
34、It should be considered as a possible symptom of break-down in the food-safety system, and those who see patients need more help to decide what kind of event to report to public health authorities. / (Excerpts from the speech “Food Safetya World-wide Challenge“ by Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, former D
35、irector-General of World Health Organization, Uppsala, Sweden)（分数：25.00）_4.B Passage 4 /B The birth of a child is a time of hope. Its new life is a symbol of potential for growth. Its death is a denial of progress. When I was born in 1945, the child mortality rate in Korea was 152 per 1000 live birt
36、hs. Thats roughly the equivalent today of the death rates in Benin, or Mozambique, Swaziland, Cameroon, or Ethiopia. / Tremendous progress is possible. The mortality rate in my country has now dropped to just 5 children per 1,000. Thats one of the lowest rates in the world, lower than the rates in N
37、ew Zealand, the United States, or the United Kingdom. / Our goalspart of the Millennium Development Goalsare to cut child deaths by two thirds by 2015 from 1990 rates, and maternal deaths by three quarters. Every minute 20 children under the age of five die. More than 70% of all child deaths are cau
38、sed by preventable and treatable conditions, like malaria, measles, HIV or diarrhea. The greatest risk is in their first four weeks of life when babies die from conditions like low birth-weight, birth trauma, asphyxia, and severe infections like pneumonia, meningitis or tetanus. / This is Elizabeth.
39、 She lives in Ethiopia. Malaria is endemic, yet only 17% of children under five in this country sleep under mosquito nets. Elizabeths family can only afford one net, which she and her mother sleep under. Many of the local children have died from the disease. / Nine-month-old Lang lives in the Lao De
40、mocratic Peoples Republic. Like 82% of children in her country, she sleeps under a bednet. The family has two nets, but the insecticide treatment wore them off a long time ago, and they are full of holes. Many people in their district fall ill from malaria, including Langs father, who is unable to w
41、ork at times. / Simpler and effective protection measures, like treated bednets, make the difference. But only if every family uses one. Elizabeth and Langs mothers try to make their home as protected as possible for their children. Its natural to see home as a safe place. Sadly its not. / Just last
42、 month WHO launched a report on domestic violence. One of the more shocking facts revealed by that report was the extent of violence against women during pregnancy. One quarter to one half of the women who reported this abuse, said that they had been deliberately kicked or punched in the abdomen. Un
43、surprisingly, women in violent relationships are significantly more likely to suffer miscarriages, or to undergo abortion. / The study also found that, in some settings, a significant proportion of women thought it was acceptable for a man to beat his wife under certain circumstances. Women in these
44、 violent households have more health problems than others, yet often feel unable to talk to anyone about their situation or seek help. This violence is also associated with low birth weight, and with higher infant and under-five mortality. / Every minute a woman is dying from complications in pregna
45、ncy and childbirth. Almost all of these deaths99%are taking place in low and middle income countries. Mothers and children from the poorest families in Sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia are the most likely to die. Malnutrition contributes strongly to these deaths, increasing the risk of dying from o
46、ther causes. Lack of access to food is one reason for malnourishment, but poor feeding practices and infection also contribute. / (“Make Every Mother and Child CountTracking Progress in Child Survival“ by LEE Jong-wook, former Director-general of WHO in London, United Kingdom, 13 December 2005)（分数：2
47、5.00）_二、B汉译英/B(总题数：4，分数：100.00)5.B 第一篇 /B 自 1 月 27 日至 3 月 16 日，我国有 16 个省(市、自治区)相继发生高致病性禽流感疫情，对人民群众的财产和健康安全构成严重威胁。面对突发疫情，党中央、国务院高度重视，紧急部署，及时启动防治高致病性禽流感应急预案，成立全国防治高致病性禽流感指挥部。/在党中央、国务院的坚强领导下，各地区、各部门加强领导、密切配合，依靠科学、依法防治，群防群控、果断处置，以对人民群众高度负责的精神，认真落实各项防治措施。/经过一个多月的努力，高致病性禽流感疫情得到迅速控制。随着今天广西南宁市和西藏拉萨市疫区的解除封锁，
48、我国前一阶段确诊的 49 起高致病性禽流感疫情已全部扑灭，全国已有 29 天没有接到新的高致病性禽流感报告，也没有发生人的感染。高致病性禽流感阻击战取得了阶段性成果。/ 这个成绩来之不易，是党中央、国务院果断决策、坚强领导的结果；是各地区、各部门密切配合，共同努力的结果；是人民群众特别是疫区广大干部群众团结奋战的结果；是全国畜牧兽医战线的同志们无私奉献、忘我工作的结果。/ 但是，我们应该看到，当前防治工作形势依然严峻。从动物传染病的流行规律看，如果不加强防范，疫情还有可能出现反复。/主要有以下几个因素：一是水禽带毒的现象仍然存在；二是随着北方大部分地区气候转暖，候鸟大范围迁徙，可能造成病源传播；三是随着各地家禽的大量补栏和长途贩运的增加，跨区域传播的可能也在增加；四是我国周边国家和地区还有疫情，传入的威胁依然存在；/五是我国家禽养殖量大，分布面广，很多地方防疫条件较差，防疫难度大的问题没有得到根本解决。因此，高致病性禽流感疫情反
