1、大学英语四级综合-47 及答案解析(总分：180.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Unit 2(总题数：4，分数：180.00)Passage OneThere are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use. People will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local “money“ to exchange for food. Among isolated peoples, w
2、ho are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter. There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other manufactured goods. For this kind of simple trading, money is not
3、needed, but there is often something that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor food, shells for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels.These things-salt, shells or metals-are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem r
4、ather a strange substance to use as money, as in countries where food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa
5、. Metal, valued by weight, and preceded coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments.The early money of China, apart from shell, was of bronze, often in
6、 flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called “cash“. The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have taken the place of all the more picturesque forms of money, and althou
7、gh in one or two of the more remote countries people still hoard(储藏) it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.（分数：45.00）(1).Nowadays we think of money as_（分数：9.00）A.something made of either metal or paperB
8、.something useful for starving travelersC.printed notepaperD.pieces of metal(2).In some parts of the world a traveler might starve _（分数：9.00）A.even if his money was of the local kindB.even if he had plenty of coins and notesC.if he had no coins and notesD.if he did not know the local rate of exchang
9、e(3).Lumps of iron, iron bars or cakes of salt are_（分数：9.00）A.no longer used in exchange for goodsB.exchanged for tools, weapons or ornamentsC.the earliest money in ChinaD.a substitute for money in some places in the world(4).One type of early Chinese money was _（分数：9.00）A.made of bonesB.much like e
10、astern Mediterranean coinsC.in the form of bronze barsD.called “cash“(5).Primitive types of money are sometimes used_（分数：9.00）A.as entrance fees to museumsB.at countryside marketsC.at weddings or funeralsD.to replace more picturesque money formsPassage TwoIn the United States, the main argument for
11、protection of domestic industry is that foreign competition costs Americans their jobs. When we buy Japanese cars, U.S. Cars go unsold. This leads to a decline in the domestic auto industry. When we buy German steel, steelworkers in the northern part of America lose their jobs. It is tree that when
12、we buy goods from foreign producers, domestic producers in the U.S. suffer.But there is no reason to believe that the workers thrown out of employment in the contracting sectors will not find jobs in other expanding sectors. Foreign competition in textiles, for example, has thrown thousands of worke
13、rs out 1 work in New England. But with the expansion of new industries, the unemployment rate in this area fell to one of the lowest in the country in the mid-1980s. Over time the United States lost its advantage in textiles to countries with larger unskilled labor resources, but other new industrie
14、s have grown up in which the United States does have a greater advantage.Of course, it is very difficult for workers to accept the fact of being jobless. The knowledge that some other industry, perhaps in some other part of the country may be expanding, is of little comfort to the person whose skill
15、s become out of date. The social and personal problems brought about by unemployment and out of date skills as a result of foreign competition deserve close attention. These problems can be solved in two ways. We can stop imports and give up the gains from free trade, claiming that we are willing to
16、 pay more to save domestic jobs in industries that can produce more efficiently abroad. Or we can aid the victims of free trade in a more effective way, helping to retrain them for skills with a future.（分数：45.00）(1).In the U.S. people call for protection of domestic industry in order to _（分数：9.00）A.
17、save their jobsB.stop the economic declineC.lessen the competitionD.reduce the cost of their products(2).According to the passage, the drop in the unemployment rate in New England in the mid-1980s was mainly due to _（分数：9.00）A.the technical reform of some millsB.the emergence of new industriesC.the
18、protective policies for domestic goodsD.the expansion of American economy(3).The news about the expansion of a new industry cannot make the jobless workers feel any better because _（分数：9.00）A.they are troubled by social problemsB.they have no chance to be trainedC.they do not have the skills require
19、d by the new industryD.they are worried about the high unemployment rate(4).It can be inferred that to reduce unemployment, the U. S. Government should（分数：9.00）A.increase the efficiency of home industriesB.equip jobless workers with new skillsC.offer positions for jobless workersD.stop importing for
20、eign products(5).From whose point of view is the passage written?（分数：9.00）A.From the point of view of the Japanese.B.From the point of view of the people in New England.C.From the point of view of the Germans.D.From the point of view of the Americans.Passage ThreeMany families in the United States h
21、ave a larger income now than ever before, but people are finding it difficult to make ends meet anyway. Almost everyone is wondering “What happens to all my money?. I never seem to have anything left to put away.“ Why isnt a dollar worth as much as it used to be? One dollar is always worth the same
22、amount, that is, 100 cents. But the value of a dollar is how much it can buy. The value of money depends on the cost of living. Economists say that the cost of living is the money that a family must pay for the necessities of life such as food, housing or rent, clothes, and medical expenses.For many
23、 years now, the cost of living has increased greatly, so the value of the dollar has decreased. When a dollar has a low value, you cannot buy as many things with it. No one fully understands why the cost of living keeps increasing, but economists believe that workers and producers can make prices go
24、 up. As workers earn more money, they have more money to spend, so they demand more goods. If there is a great demand for certain goods, the prices of these goods go up. At the same time, if theres a shortage of goods, the prices also go up. For example, if everyone wants to buy more and more gas, t
25、he price of gas goes up. When companies withhold gas from buyers, they can also make the price of gas go up. Families need to know what happens to their money. They need to make their income meet the cost of living; so many people plan a family budget.A budget is a list of monthly expenses. If your
26、expenses add up to more than your income, you must find ways to save money. Maybe youre spending too much on entertainment. Or if youre spending too much on clothes, you may want to sew your own clothes. Budgeting helps you spend your money wisely as the cost of living increases.（分数：45.00）(1).What h
27、as troubled many families in the United States?（分数：9.00）A.Not large enough income.B.Nothing is left over to put away.C.The increasing cost of living.D.A shortage of certain goods.(2).What determines the value of the dollar?（分数：9.00）A.The government.B.The cost of living.C.The economist.D.The bank.(3)
28、.While the cost of living increases, the value of the dollar_（分数：9.00）A.increases tooB.decreasesC.neither increases nor decreasesD.seldom decreases(4).when do the prices go up?（分数：9.00）A.Demand exceeds supply.B.Supply exceeds demand.C.Demand doesnt exceed supply.D.Supply equals deman(5).Budgeting he
29、lps（分数：9.00）A.one to make his income meet the cost of livingB.the government to battle the rising cost of livingC.merchants to produce more goodsD.the workers to earn more moneyPassage FourIf U.S. software companies dont pay more attention to quality, they could kiss their business good-bye. Both In
30、dia and Brazil are developing a world-class software industry. Their weapon is quality and one of their jobs is to attract the top U.S. quality specialists whose voices are not listened to in their country.Already, of the worlds 12 software houses that have earned the highest rating in the world, se
31、ven are in India. Thats largely because they have used new methodologies rejected by American software specialists. For example, for decades, quality specialists, W. Edwards Deming and J. M. Juran had urged U.S. software companies to change their attitudes to quality. But their quality call mainly f
32、ell on deaf ears in the U.S. but not in Japan. By the 1970s and 1980s, Japan was gabbing market share with better, cheaper products. They used Demings and Jurans ideas to bring down the cost of good quality to as little as 5% of total production costs. In U.S. factories, the cost of quality then was
33、 10 times as high: 50%. In software, it still is.Watts S. Humphrey spent 27 years at IBM heading up software production and then quality assurance. But his advice was seldom paid attention to. He retired from IBM in 1986. In 1987, he worked out a system for assessing and improving software quality.
34、It has proved its value time and again. For example, in 1990 the cost of quality at Raytheon Electronics Systems was almost 60% of total software production costs. It fell to 15% in 1996 and has since further dropped to below 10%.Like Deming and Juran, Humphrey seems to be wining more praises overse
35、as than at home. The India government and several companies have just founded the Watts Humphrey Software Quality Institute at the Software Technology Park in Chennai, India.Lets hope that U.S. lead in software will not be eaten up by its quality problems.（分数：45.00）(1).What country has more highest-
36、rating software companies in the world than any other country has?（分数：9.00）A.Germany.B.The U.S.C.Brazil.D.Indi(2).By what means did Japan grab its large market share by the 1970s and the 1980s?（分数：9.00）A.Its products were cheaper in price and better in quality.B.Its advertising was most successful.C
37、.The U.S. hardware industry was lagging behind.D.Japan hired a lot of India software specialists.(3).Which of the following statements about Humphrey is TRUE?（分数：9.00）A.He is now still an IBM employer.B.He has worked for IBM for 37 years.C.The U.S. pays much attention to his quality advice.D.India h
38、onors him highly.(4).What does the founding of the Watts Humphrey Software Quality Institute symbolize?（分数：9.00）A.It symbolizes the American determination to move ahead with its soil-ware.B.It symbolizes the Indian ambition to take the lead in software.C.It symbolizes the Japanese efforts to solve t
39、he software quality problem.D.It symbolizes the Chinese policy on importing softwar(5).What is the writer worrying about?（分数：9.00）A.Many U.S. sottware specialists are working for Japan.B.The quality problem has become a worldwide problem.C.The U.S. will no longer be the first software player in the
40、world.D.India and Japan are joining hands to compete with the U.S.大学英语四级综合-47 答案解析(总分：180.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Unit 2(总题数：4，分数：180.00)Passage OneThere are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use. People will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particu
41、lar local “money“ to exchange for food. Among isolated peoples, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter. There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other m
42、anufactured goods. For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often something that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor food, shells for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels.These things-salt, shells or metals-are still used as
43、money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, as in countries where food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and
44、 cakes of salt will still buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa. Metal, valued by weight, and preceded coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments.Th
45、e early money of China, apart from shell, was of bronze, often in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called “cash“. The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have taken
46、 the place of all the more picturesque forms of money, and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still hoard(储藏) it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.（分数：45.00）(1).Nowadays we thin
47、k of money as_（分数：9.00）A.something made of either metal or paper B.something useful for starving travelersC.printed notepaperD.pieces of metal解析：细节题。现在货币的形式有硬币和纸币两种，文章第一句也明确指出，故选 A。(2).In some parts of the world a traveler might starve _（分数：9.00）A.even if his money was of the local kindB.even if he
48、had plenty of coins and notes C.if he had no coins and notesD.if he did not know the local rate of exchange解析：推断题。文章第一段前两句指出，硬币和纸币在今天世界上有些地方仍然没有用处，如果一个旅游者没有当地的“货币”，那他就有可能挨饿，由此可知本题选 B。(3).Lumps of iron, iron bars or cakes of salt are_（分数：9.00）A.no longer used in exchange for goodsB.exchanged for tool
49、s, weapons or ornamentsC.the earliest money in ChinaD.a substitute for money in some places in the world 解析：细节题。文章第二段提到盐块在婆罗洲和非洲的部分地区仍然可以用来购买货物，在有些国家人们依然使用块状、条状或环状的铁而不是货币，因此选 D。(4).One type of early Chinese money was _（分数：9.00）A.made of bonesB.much like eastern Mediterranean coinsC.in the form of bronze barsD.called “cash“ 解析：细节题。文章第三段提到中国早期的货币除了贝壳还有用铜制作的货币，称为“铜钱”，因此选D。(5).Primitive types of money are sometimes used_（分数：9.00）A.as entrance fees to museumsB.at countryside marketsC.at weddings or funerals D.
