1、大学英语四级综合-46 及答案解析(总分：180.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Unit 3(总题数：4，分数：180.00)Passage OneIn any countries there is a fixed charge for personal services, a certain percentage may be added to the bill at a hotel or restaurant “for the service“. In other places the customer may be expected to give a tip, or a small
2、amount of money, as a sign of appreciation whenever services are performed. In the United States there is no consistent practice in regard to tipping. The custom is more common in a large city than in a small town. A native American may often be in doubt about when and how much to tip when he is in
3、a city that is strange to him. In general, however, a tip is expected by the porter who carries your baggage, by taxi drivers(except, perhaps, in small town), and by those who serve you in hotels and restaurants.When you pick up your incoming luggage at an airport, you may tip the man who takes it t
4、o the taxi or airport bus. He usually expects 35 cents a bag for his service. In some cities the taxi that take you to your hotel may have one meter that shows the cost of the trip and another that shows a fixed charge, usually about 20 cents, for “extra“. In some cities the taxi driver may expect a
5、 tip in addition to the “extra“, especially if he carries your suitcase. If no “extra“ is charged, a tip is usually given. Hotels generally do not make a service charge, though there are places where one is added. It is customary, however, to give something to the porter who carries your suitcases a
6、nd shows you to your room. In case of doubt, 35 cents for each bag he carries is satisfactory. In a restaurant you generally leave about 15 percent of the bill in small change on that table as a tip for the person who has serves you. A service charge is generally not included except in some of the l
7、arger, more expensive places. If the order is small-a cup of coffee at a lunch counter, or something of the sort-a tip is not usually expected.（分数：45.00）(1).According to the passage, the practice of giving tips _（分数：9.00）A.is consistent throughout the worldB.varies from place to place in the U.S.C.i
8、s consistent in large towns in the U.S.D.is consistent in small towns in the U.S.(2).According to the passage, the following are the people one may tip EXCEPT_（分数：9.00）A.portersB.taxi driversC.waitersD.cleaners(3).According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?（分数：9.00）A.“Extra“ is a f
9、ixed charge in some cities.B.“Extra“ is similar to a tip in some cases.C.If the “extra“ is paid, one doesnt tip any more.D.Some hotels require people to pay a service charg(4).According to the passage, the amount of money for a tip_（分数：9.00）A.is the same across restaurants and hotelsB.depends on how
10、 much one pays for his mealC.generally varies according to the size of ones bag in hotelD.is usually small for a cup of coffee at a lunch counter(5).From the passage we learn that_（分数：9.00）A.Americans sometimes are not sure how to tipB.people in large towns know more about tippingC.one has to tip no
11、 matter how big or small the order isD.people sometimes dont tip when they are not satisfiedPassage TwoIn 1575-over 400 years ago-the French scholar Louis Le Roy published a leaned book in which he voiced despair over the changes caused by the social and technological innovations of his time, what w
12、e now call the Renaissance. We, also, feel that our times are out of joint; we even have reason to believe that our descendants will be worse offthan we are.The earth will soon be overcrowded and its resources exhausted. Pollution will ruin the environment, upset the climate, and damage human health
13、. The gap in living standards between the rich and the poor will widen and lead the angry, hungry people of the world to acts of desperation including the use of nuclear weapons as blackmail. Such are the inevitable consequences of population and technological growth if present trends continue.The f
14、uture is never a projection of the past. Animals probably have no chance to escape from the tyranny(暴虐) of biological evolution, but human beings are blessed with the freedom of social evolution. For us, trend is not destiny. The escape from existing trends is now facilitated by the fact that societ
15、ies anticipate future dangers and take preventive steps against expected changes.Despite the widespread belief that the world has become too complex for comprehension by the human brain, modem societies have often responded effectively to critical situations.The decrease in birth rates, the partial
16、prohibition of pesticides and the rethinking of technologies of the production and use of energy are but a few examples illustrating a sudden reversal of trends caused not by political upsets or scientific breakthroughs, but by public awareness of consequences.Even more striking are the situations i
17、n which social attitudes concerning future difficulties undergo rapid changes before the problems have come to pass-witness the heated arguments about the problems of behavior control and of genetic engineering even though there is as yet no proof that effective methods can be developed to manipulat
18、e behavior and genes on a population scale.One of the characteristics of our times is thus the rapidity with which steps can be taken to change the orientation of certain trends and even to reverse them. Such changes usually emerge from grass roots movements rather than from official directives.（分数：
19、45.00）(1).The word “innovation“(Line 3, Par（分数：9.00）A.1) means _A. inventionB. revolutionC. evolutionD. reformation(2).According to the passage, if present trends continue, which one of the following situations will not occur?（分数：9.00）A.An overpopulated earth will be unable to sustain its inhabitant
20、s.B.The rich will become richer and the poor will become poorer.C.New sources of energy from vast coal deposits will be substituted for the soon-to-be-exhausted resources of oil and natural gas.D.The effects of pollution will render the earth and its atmosphere a threat to mankin(3).According to the
21、 passage, evidences of the insight of the public into the danger which surround us can be found in all of the following EXCEPT_（分数：9.00）A.a decline in birth ratesB.opposition to the use of pesticidesC.public meetings to complain about dumping chemicals in power production and energy useD.an increase
22、 in the military budget by the president(4).The author is in favor of the opinion that _（分数：9.00）A.nuclear weapons wont play a prominent role in dealings among peopleB.people feel powerless when confronted with the sudden reversal of trend caused by scientific advancesC.modem scientists and the publ
23、ic are conscious of the future dangers and ready to preventD.our time is characterized by the trend of rapid development of science and technology which is inevitable and irreversible(5).In the last paragraph, “such changes“ refer to _（分数：9.00）A.change the orientation of certain trendsB.reverse the
24、orientation of certain trendsC.change and reverse the orientation of certain trendsD.change and sometimes reverse the orientation of certain trendsPassage ThreeWithin fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes for the recycling of waste.
25、The word rubbish could lose its meaning because everything which goes into the dustbin would be made into something useful. Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provide energy if nothing else.The new concept of recycling waste is taking shape at the British technological laboratory at
26、 Warren Spring, not far from the north of London. Today, the laboratory spends four times as much money in studying recycling as it did five years ago.The latest project is to take a city of around half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out. The aim
27、 is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city. This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper, but also paper and robber as well. Methods have been discovered, for example, for removing the in
28、k from newsprint so that the paper can be used again, and for obtaining valuable oils and gases from old motor car typesAll these ideas are already being made use of, but what is new is the idea of combining them on such a large scale in a single plant designed to recycle most types of waste.Another
29、 new project is being set up to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish. When this project is complete, the rubbish will be processed like this: first, it will pass through sharp metal spikes which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will
30、pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids; after that crushers and rollers will break up everything that can be broken, and the rubbish will pass under magnets, which will remove the bits of iron and steel; finally the rubber and plastic will then be sorted
31、out in the final stage.The first full-scale giant recycling plants are, perhaps, fifteen years away. But in some big industrial areas, where rubbish has been dumped for so long that there are no holes left to fill up with rubbish, these new automatic recycling plants may be built sooner. Indeed, wit
32、h the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps, some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.（分数：45.00）(1).“Well on with“ (Line 1, Par（分数：9.00）A.1) probably means _A. finished withB. nearing completionC. getting ready to startD. making improvements
33、 on(2).Projects for recycling waste in Britain _（分数：9.00）A.will not be started for at least fifteen yearsB.are being developed all over BritainC.have not yet been fully testedD.have been abandoned because they are too expensive(3).The purpose of the latest recycling project is _（分数：9.00）A.to prevent
34、 people from putting rubbish into holesB.to find a way of destroying all kinds of wasteC.to extract useful raw materials from the wasteD.to find out how much raw materials should be provided if people want to recycle the waste(4).The new type of recycling plant will _（分数：9.00）A.recycle only paper an
35、d rubberB.not recycle metals, paper or rubberC.recycle paper, rubber and metalsD.not recycle steel, lead or copper(5).The first recycling plants_（分数：9.00）A.have already been built in large industrial areasB.will not be built for at least fifteen yearsC.will probably be built in the next fifteen year
36、sD.will be too expensive to build near big citiesPassage FourIn the warm enclosed waters of farm ponds, conditions are very likely to be lethal for fish when insecticides are applied in the vicinity. As many examples show, the poison is carried in by rains and runoff from surrounding lands. Sometime
37、s the ponds receive not only contaminated runoff but also a direct dose as crop dusting pilots neglect to shut off the duster in passing over a pond. Even without such complications, normal agricultural use subjects fish to far heavier concentrations of chemicals than would be required to kill them.
38、 In other words a marked reduction in the enclosure nets used would hardly change the lethal situation, for applications of over 0.1 pound per acre to the pond itself are generally considered hazardous. And the poison, once introduced is hard to get rid of. One pond that has been treated with DDT(杀虫
39、剂) to remove unwanted shiners remained so poisonous through repeated draining that it killed 94 percent of the sunfish with which it was later stocked. Apparently the chemical remained in the mud of the pond bottom.Conditions are evidently no better now than when the modem insecticides first came in
40、to use. The Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Department stated in 1961 that reports of fish losses in farm ponds and small lakes had been coming in at the rate of at least once a week, and that such reports were increasing. The conditions usually responsible for these losses in Oklahoma were those mad
41、e familiar by repetition over the years: the application of insecticides to crops, heavy rain, and poison washed into the ponds.In some parts of the world the cultivation of fish in ponds provides an indispensable source of food. In such places the use of insecticides without regard for the effects
42、of fish creates immediate problems. In Rhodesia, for example, the young of an important African food fish are killed by exposure to only 0.04 parts per million of DDT in shallow pools. Even smaller doses of many other insecticides would be lethal. The shallow waters in which these fish live are favo
43、rable mosquito breeding places. The problem of controlling mosquitoes and at the same time conserving a fish important in the Central African diet has obviously not been solved satisfactorily.（分数：45.00）(1).The authors tone in this passage can be best described as _（分数：9.00）A.reportorialB.sarcasticC.
44、condemnatoryD.mournful(2).According to the passage, the one factor that is NOT responsible for the presence of insecticides in ponds is _（分数：9.00）A.the weather bringing in rainsB.human error in crop dustingC.common fanning methodsD.industrialization use of chemicals(3).The author uses the case of th
45、e Rhodesian fish in order to_（分数：9.00）A.show the harmful effects of killing fishB.prove that problems are the same everywhereC.show that fish is an indispensable source in dietD.consider the problem of controlling mosquitoes(4).In this passage, what the author does not do is to _（分数：9.00）A.state a p
46、roblemB.give examplesC.propose a solutionD.relate causes(5).The last sentence of this passage means that _（分数：9.00）A.you cannot control mosquitoes if you want to conserve an important fishB.you cannot conserve an important fish if you want to control mosquitoesC.Central Africans will have no fish to
47、 eat if this fish cannot be protected properlyD.it is not so easy and satisfactory to solve these two problems at the same time大学英语四级综合-46 答案解析(总分：180.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Unit 3(总题数：4，分数：180.00)Passage OneIn any countries there is a fixed charge for personal services, a certain percentage may be added t
48、o the bill at a hotel or restaurant “for the service“. In other places the customer may be expected to give a tip, or a small amount of money, as a sign of appreciation whenever services are performed. In the United States there is no consistent practice in regard to tipping. The custom is more comm
49、on in a large city than in a small town. A native American may often be in doubt about when and how much to tip when he is in a city that is strange to him. In general, however, a tip is expected by the porter who carries your baggage, by taxi drivers(except, perhaps, in small town), and by those who serve you in hotels and restaurants.When you pick up your incoming luggage at an airport, you may tip the man who takes it to the taxi or airport bus. He usually expects 35 cents a bag for his service.
