1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 405 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)According to sociologists, there are several different ways a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal
2、 ability, decades of research have failed to produce 1 evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.“ It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, 2 any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of
3、that particular group. Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that 3 the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done.“ Expressive
4、 leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being (幸福) of a social group members. They are less 4 with the overall goals of the group than with providing 5 support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Instrumental leaders
5、are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may 6 group members who inhibit (阻碍) attainment of the group“s goals. Expressive leaders 7 a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer 8 when someone experiences difficultie
6、s and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the 9 in these two roles suggests, expressive leaders generally receive more personal 10 from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. A. affection I. disc
7、ipline B. concerned J. emotional C. confirm K. emphasizes D. consistent L. satisfied E. constant M. sympathy F. controls N. unexpectedly G. cultivate O. virtually H. difference（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Tony Mendez Reveals the Art and Science of DisguiseA. What do you do when you don“t hav
8、e a date for your high school dance, and only couples are allowed? Ask Tony Mendez, former CIA Chief of Disguise. His solution was to dress as a girl and go with a friend, slipping easily past police at the gymnasium door. It was a foreshadowing of what would be a brilliant career. Under his directi
9、on, art and science would become equal partners, ushering in a new age of disguise and winning him a Trailblazer Award (开拓奖), the CIA equivalent of an Oscar. B. Disguise makes most people think of wigs, fake mustaches, and trench coats. According to Mendez, these are almost incidental. It“s really a
10、bout deception and illusion, a sleight of hand (花招；熟练手法) through which you get your audience to see only what you want them to see. Tony Mendez points out that if you“re an agent, and your new assignment is to help an informant defect (叛逃) right out from under the noses of the police who are searchi
11、ng for him, before you can even think strategy, you must travel in and out of the country several times, carefully observing the habits of the border-control police to identify weaknesses in this system. Then, once you come up with your brilliant plan, every last step must be meticulously executed,
12、or, let“s face it. your informant might be! C. The art is in the detail. You need to tailor his disguise to his individual characteristics. If he happens to speak fluent Italian, you might decide not just that he must dress in Italy-made clothes and shoes, but also that even the litter in his pocket
13、s has to be convincing. He must learn to walk, talk, and gesticulate (打手势) like an Italian. His fake passport must not only look and feel authentic, it must smell right. Ink and lettering has to pass close scrutiny, right down to microscopic defects left by damaged typewriter keys. Even the pressure
14、 used to apply border-control stamps is important. D. The science side of disguise involves researching and adapting advancements in technology to make the tasks of body alteration and document forgery easier, more convincing, and more foolproof(错不了 的). As a young CIA agent, Mendez took the unpreced
15、ented step of training with a Hollywood makeup artist. He adopted the mask-making and makeup techniques he learned and amazed fellow agents with the results. When he later took over as Chief of Disguise, Mendez created research teams, pairing artists with scientists. “Artists tend to make intuitive
16、leaps and don“t necessarily know how they got to their end results,“ he says. This arrangement freed the artist to be creative and ensured that each step would be recorded accurately by the scientist, who in turn contributed knowledge of chemistry and physics. E. Today“s technology has grown conside
17、rably more sophisticated, and Mendez isn“t giving away many details of the CIA“s methods. What he will say is that they are generally based on anaplastology (from the Greek ana, meaning “again“ and plasto, “formed“), the art and science of applying prosthetic (假体的), or artificial material to an area
18、 of a person“s body to replace a missing body part. To the CIA, this might mean creating a beard, or altering a nose, ears, hand, or even entire face. One of Mendez“s trainees, Robert Barron, now retired, devotes himself to creating realistic prosthetic devices for people with disfigurements. The ba
19、sic procedure involves first making a negative impression a “moulage“ (印膜) in sculpture term of the area to be transformed by covering it with alginate, a kind of chemical material commonly used in dental work. Once firm, the alginate is peeled off and filled with a hardening material such as plaste
20、r (石膏), to create the “positive.“ This becomes the artist“s canvas, to which he can apply clay to create or alter anatomical (结构上得) features before the final prosthesis is cast. F. The process goes high-tech when “cyberware“ such as digital 3-D body scanners are used to create a virtual moulage. Acc
21、ording to Mendez, “any time you touch tissue, you displace it and get distortion. So, if you can do it with digital imagery instead, you get a better fit, more realism and comfort.“ Another innovation involves using multiple layers to mimic real skin. Wrinkles won“t wobble convincingly unless suppor
22、ted by a spongy layer below. Moisture content is important, and skin tone is matched by using a realistic mixture of pigments beneath the surface so that it will appear realistic and blend with the person“s natural skin tone in all types of lighting and weather conditions. The material developed by
23、the CIA for this purpose combines the realism of foam Hollywood masks with the durability of medical devices. G. Mendez says that he disguised himself “all the time“ while an agent knows that materials will sometimes let you down. When they do, it“s essential to be able to think on your feet. On his
24、 first assignment, Robert Barron traveled far into rural Vietnam to make a dental impression of Vietcong who was spying for the United States. Barron would use the impression to create a disguise for the Vietcong, who needed to travel to sensitive areas, unrecognized, on information-gathering missio
25、ns for the American government. But the chemical material mixed in the disguise wouldn“t become solid. Panicking wasn“t an option for the well-trained agent. Barron traveled back to Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), found a dental supplier, bought more, and returned to complete the job. H. Demonstrating ju
26、st how much they have learned in their research, Mendez says, “There are 140,000 possible facial expressions. No one knew that until we counted them.“ How did they do that? It“s easy if you have the right equipment. People were filmed on video, and the video was fed into a computer program that supe
27、rimposed a grid over each frame. Any movement of the person“s face was measured against the stationary grid lines and, if different, recorded. I. Asked whether disguise is as necessary today as it once was, Mendez replies, “I would think that it is even more important.“ During the Cold War, American
28、s caught spying in the Soviet Union merely risked interrogation and being expelled. The stakes are much higher today, where in some political hot spots there is no code of behavior that protects the lives of agents. According to Mendez, melting into the background like a native in these countries is
29、 a necessity, because if you are caught spying, “all bets are off.“（分数：40.00）(1).If an agent intends to disguise his informant as an Italian, he should make the informant Italian-like in every detail.（分数：4.00）(2).Compared with disguise in the past days, today“s disguise is even more important.（分数：4.
30、00）(3).Mendez was the first CIA agent who learned the skills of makeup with a Hollywood makeup artist.（分数：4.00）(4).Through his study Mendez found that human beings have a variety of facial expressions.（分数：4.00）(5).It is said that Tony Mendez ushered in a new age of disguise because he combined art a
31、nd science in disguise perfectly.（分数：4.00）(6).Realistic prosthetic devices enable people who have lost a hand to regain one made from artificial material.（分数：4.00）(7).During the Cold War, if an American spy was caught in the Soviet Union, he or she would be expelled out of the country.（分数：4.00）(8).I
32、n Mendez“s research teams, artists and scientists cooperated with each other.（分数：4.00）(9).An agent should first find out the border-control police“s weakness in his duty to help an informant escape successfully.（分数：4.00）(10).When confronting difficulty in carrying out an assignment, a well-trained a
33、gent should not panic.（分数：4.00）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：15.00)The common cold is the world“s most widespread illness, which is probably why there are more myths about it than any of the other plagues. The most widespread false belief of all is that colds are caused by cold. T
34、hey are not. They are caused by viruses. You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one. If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Inuit to suffer from them permanently. But they do not. And in isolated arctic regions explorers have
35、 been reported free from colds until they come into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. During the First World War, soldiers who spent long periods in the trenches (战壕), cold and wet, showed no increased tendency to catch cold
36、s. In the Second World War, prisoners at the notorious (臭名昭著) Auschwitz concentration camp, naked and starving, were astonished to be found that they seldom had colds. At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in experiments in which they submitted to the discomforts of being
37、 cold and wet for long stretches of time. After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be doused (弄湿) with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty room. Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion. Not one of th
38、e volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose. If, then, cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more common in the winter? Despite the most painstaking research, no one has yet found the answer. One explanation offered by scientist
39、s is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. No one has yet found a cure for the cold. There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin, but all they do is to relieve the symptoms.（分数：15.00）(1)
40、.Why does the author cite the example of the Inuit?（分数：3.00）A.To show common colds are really full of myths.B.To show the idea that cold leads to colds doesn“t stand up.C.To show viruses are the factors causing common colds.D.To show common colds are more severe than other plagues.(2).Arctic explore
41、rs may catch colds when they are _.（分数：3.00）A.working in isolated arctic regionsB.writing reports in terribly cold weatherC.free from work in isolated arctic regionsD.coming into contact with the people having colds(3).What conclusion can we come to from the experiments of Common Cold Research Unit?
42、（分数：3.00）A.People preferring to exercise in the rain get colds more easily.B.People being doused with cold water get colds more easily.C.Taking hot baths make people easy to be exhausted.D.It is cold viruses instead of wet and cold that make people get colds.(4).What is an explanation to the fact th
43、at colds are commonly seen in winter?（分数：3.00）A.Cold viruses can invade people“s warm bodies more easily in winter.B.There is a great difference between indoor temperature and outdoor temperature.C.People“s staying together indoors more in winter makes it easier for cold viruses to spread.D.People“s
44、 immunity becomes very weak because of the severe cold in winter.(5).What do we know from the last paragraph?（分数：3.00）A.Colds cannot be cured by drugs and pain suppressors.B.The common cold is the world“s most widespread illness.C.Common colds are caused by viruses instead of cold.D.No drugs and sup
45、pressors can relieve the symptoms of the cold.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：15.00)“There will always be bears, and there will always be bulls, but one can never know when one will dominate the other.“ This quote by noted economist William Urster efficiently summarizes the economic theory of market cycles,
46、in which periods of economic growth must inevitably be followed by periods of downturn, and vice versa. These respective periods play off one another, reinforcing a positive trend of growth over the long term. It is a tradition on Wall Street to refer to periods of sustained economic loss and recess
47、ion as “bear“ markets. The name is derived from the way a bear attacks its prey, by swinging downward with its claws, thus indicating the market“s downward charted trend. The “bull“ market, however, is explained as following the upward motion a bull uses to attack its enemy with its horns, signaling
48、 an upward trend for the economy. As the bear and the bull do battle, the investors find the economy quite unpredictable, and thus hard to apply the time-honored philosophy of buying stocks when the market is low, so as to sell when the market is high, at a substantial profit. Such market timing (择时
49、交易) is not necessary, however. Over the history of the American stock exchange, the long-term pattern for the economy has always been up. In fact, the American economy, as measured by the Standard and Poor“s Index, has grown at an astonishing 11% average per year. Thus, by simply investing at an appropriate time, long-term investors who can stomach the roller-coaster (忽好忽坏的) ride through the down periods will come out much richer for it in the long run. Few seem to have the patience and discipline to think long term in the market. Most people prefer to gamble instead, by hopping in and
