1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 402 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)When we think about the growth of human population over the last century or so, it is all too easy to imagine it merely as an increase in the number of humans. But as we 1 , so do all the thing
2、s associated with us, 2 our livestock (牲畜). At present, there are about 1.5 billion cattle and domestic buffalo and about 1.7 billion sheep and goats. With pigs and poultry, they form a 3 part of our enormous biological footprint upon this planet. Just how enormous was not really apparent until the
3、4 of a report, called Livestock“s Long Shadow, by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Consider these numbers. Global livestock grazing (放牧) and feed production use 30 percent of the land surface of the planet. Livestockwhich consume more food than they 5 also compete directl
4、y with humans for water. And the drive to expand grazing land destroys more biologically sensitive terrain, 6 rain forests, than anything else. But what is even more striking, and alarming, is that livestock are 7 for about 18 percent of the global warming effect, more than transportation“s 8 . The
5、culprits (罪魁祸首) are methanethe natural result of bovine digestionand the nitrogen emitted by manure. Deforestation of grazing land adds to the effect. There are no easy trade-offs when it comes to global warmingsuch as cutting back on cattle to make room for cars. The human 9 for meat is certainly n
6、ot about to end anytime soon. As Livestock“s Long Shadow makes clear, our health and the health of the planet depend on pushing livestock production in more 10 directions. A. available I. multiply B. certainly J. passion C. concerning K. publication D. contribution L. responsible E. critical M. sust
7、ainable F. especially N. waste G. including O. yield H. liable（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：40.00)Firefighter TrainingA. To a typical American kid, the only thing cooler than a firetruck is somebody who rides in one. Firefighters drive through the city at high speeds and climb ladders to sickening
8、heights. These highly trained specialists risk their lives every day fighting fires. It“s easy to see why so many people want to become firefighters: serving as one is heroic and adventurous. But becoming a firefighter takes more than strength and courage. B. Before you can become an active-duty fir
9、efighter, you need to spend about 600 hours in training, over the course of 12 to 14 weeks. That“s somewhere between 40 to 48 hours per week, which makes firefighter training a full-time job. Training typically occurs at a fire academy, which is often run by the fire department, a division of the st
10、ate government or a university. Much of this training is actually in the classroom. During their academic coursework at the fire academy, students study English, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Fire Science in relation to real-life fire situations. To be effective problem solvers and keep up goo
11、d communication on the job, a firefighter needs to be strong. C. Firefighting is a highly competitive field. Thousands of applicants apply every year across the country, but most are rejected. Many departments hire every two years, and typically give staff positions to about 30 applicants at a time.
12、 While some fire departments only require applicants to hold a high school diploma, many look for applicants with two years of college credits from an accredited college or university. Firefighting is so competitive, in fact, that many applicants obtain EMT or paramedic (护理人员) certification before a
13、pplying to become a firefighter, making them more desirable to hiring departments. Today, more applicants than ever before have four-year degrees in Fire Science or related fields, which has made the field even more competitive. D. To enter a training program, applicants take three exams: a written
14、test, a Candidate Physical Ability Test (CPAT) and an aptitude test. The written exam typically consists of around 100 multiple choice questions and covers spatial awareness, reading comprehension, mechanical reasoning, logic, observation and memory. The primary focus of the physical ability test is
15、 agility (机敏), upper body strength and endurance. Each task is timed and tests the applicant“s capacity to endure sustained physical activity. These tasks are reflective of what students do in the fire academy throughout their training days in and out. It“s unlikely that an applicant who strains to
16、complete the tasks will survive 14 weeks of training, and so is a strong indicator of future success. E. Applicants train for the CPAT in some unusual ways. Often, applicants run up and down stairs or stadiums, lift heavy sacks of sand by rope, or jog in multi-level parking garages. Next, we“ll take
17、 a look at the most exciting and dangerous aspect of firefighter training. In order to survive, firefighters must be able to think critically and clearly and solve problems quickly, under extreme stress. This can be especially difficult in an actual fire, so training instructors conduct live fire tr
18、aining drills: They purposely set buildings on fire to give students opportunities to develop these skills. The overall goal of this behavioral training is to instill (逐步培养) good habits in students through repeated exposure. Live fire training is conducted in burn buildings, which are structures, bu
19、ilt or acquired, to be intentionally burned for firefighter training. F. There are three types of burn buildings: traditional, acquired structures and simulated structural fire buildings. Traditional bum buildings, built with special materials, can withstand multiple fires, although they do break do
20、wn over time. Traditional burn buildings exist in communities, at fire academies and on university campuses. The fuel used to cause fires in these structures is typically straw, hay or wood things. Acquired structures are condemned houses or other abandoned buildings. Instructors locate a suitable b
21、uilding and begin a tedious process. First, an instructor gets written permission from the building“s owner and acquires necessary permits and health clearances to proceed. They notify everyone in the surrounding community of the building, including residences and businesses. Instructors make certai
22、n there is no insurance on the property to prevent false claims and legal trouble. With the legal issues out of the way, they prepared the site for training purpose. G. Even with the preparations and precautionary measures, using an acquired structure can still be very dangerous. The fire is control
23、led, but that doesn“t mean it“s any less real. During the past 10 years, 99 firefighters were killed during training, some of these in live fire training. Statistics like these led fire instructors to adopt a new, safer method for live fire training: simulated structural fire buildings. H. Simulated
24、 structural fire buildings are far more advanced and rely on computers to control the fire. These bum buildings“ computers control built-in fire-producing devices that run on propane (丙烷) and natural gas, and use a non-flammable aerosol (气雾剂) to create real smoke. If there“s an emergency, the burn b
25、uilding has systems to extinguish the fire and extract all of the smoke with the push of a button. The computer also lets the instructor choose how the fire will burn and at what temperature. The computers are capable of simulating fire scenarios for different things in the building, residential or
26、otherwise. They can even simulate enflamed furniture, such as burning sofas or tables. I. Volunteer firefighters adhere to the same guidelines and requirements that career firefighters do, as outlined by the document NFPA 1001, but in many states, volunteers aren“t required to become certified. Only
27、 a minority of volunteers ever make it that far. Most volunteer firefighters work other jobs and can“t devote full-time hours to training. Instead, local fire departments offer weekly or monthly training events to ensure everyone develops the skills they need. Other than in the state of Florida, vol
28、unteer firefighters aren“t restricted from any firefighting tasks. Some departments consist entirely of volunteers, including the truck drivers, called engineers, who often have experience driving big rigs or school buses. In addition to driving, engineers operate the hose pumps.（分数：40.00）(1).The bu
29、ilt-in fire-producing devices controlled by burn buildings“ computers rely on propane and natural gas to operate.（分数：4.00）(2).Students taking part in the firefighter training need to study several subjects at the fire academy.（分数：4.00）(3).In live fire training, instructors set fire to buildings whic
30、h are prepared for training on purpose, in the hope of developing students“ good habits in dangerous situations.（分数：4.00）(4).Acquiring the paramedic certification before applying for the position will make the applicants for firefighting more desirable to hiring departments.（分数：4.00）(5).To make the
31、volunteer firefighters acquire the skills they need, local fire departments offer them training events weekly or monthly.（分数：4.00）(6).Before using the acquired structures for live fire training, an instructor is required to acquire the permission of the structures“ owners in written form.（分数：4.00）(7
32、).Advanced computer technology is adopted in the stimulated structural fire buildings.（分数：4.00）(8).Before becoming an active-duty firefighter in America, one needs to be trained 40 to 48 hours per week.（分数：4.00）(9).A new and safer method adopted by instructors for live fire training is to use simula
33、ted structural fire buildings.（分数：4.00）(10).The physical ability test will determine whether one can succeed in becoming a firefighter in the future or not.（分数：4.00）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：15.00)Have you ever noticed that lessons tend to repeat themselves? Does it seem as if
34、 you married or dated the same kind of person several times in different bodies with different names? Have you run into the same type of boss over and over again? If you don“t deal well with authority figures at home, then you will have an opportunity to deal with them out in the world. You will con
35、tinually draw your life into people who need to enforce authority, and you will struggle with them until you learn the lesson of obedience (服从). You will continually attract the same lesson into your life. You will also draw to your teachers to teach you that lesson until you get it right. You may t
36、ry to avoid the situations, but they will eventually catch up with you. The only way you can free yourself of difficult patterns and issues that tend to repeat is by shifting your perspective so that you can recognize the patterns and learn the lessons that they offer. To face these challenges means
37、 you need to accept the fact that something within you keeps drawing you to the same kind of person or issue, though that situation or relationship may be very painful. The challenge, therefore, is to identify and release the patterns that you are repeating. This is no easy task, since it means you
38、have to change, and change is not always easy. Staying just as you are may not help you advance spiritually, but it certainly is comfortable in its familiarity. Rising to the challenge of identifying and releasing your patterns forces you to admit that the way you have been doing things isn“t workin
39、g. The good news is that by identifying and releasing the pattern, you actually learn how to change. In order to facilitate your process of change, you will need to learn the lessons of willingness and patience. Once you master these, you will most likely find the challenge of identifying and releas
40、ing your patterns far less intimidating.（分数：15.00）(1).What does the author refer to by “lessons tend to repeat themselves“?（分数：3.00）A.You tend to marry and date the same person.B.There are the same authority figures inside your home and out of it.C.You tend to run into the same problems in your life
41、.D.There are many difficult patterns and issues in your life.(2).How can you get rid of attracting the same lesson into your life?（分数：3.00）A.By trying your best to avoid those situations.B.By changing your perspective.C.By getting the courage to face those challenges.D.By changing your attitudes tow
42、ards life.(3).Why do lessons tend to repeat themselves according to the author?（分数：3.00）A.Teachers haven“t taught you how to deal with them.B.They are sticky enough to catch up with you eventually.C.You have been behaving in a badly-functioned way.D.You don“t learn willingness and patience in the le
43、ssons.(4).What“s the author“s attitude towards the idea of staying just as you are?（分数：3.00）A.Intimidating.B.Disapproving.C.Supportive.D.Cautious.(5).What is the effect of mastering willingness and patience according to the passage?（分数：3.00）A.Making your change become easier.B.Helping you to identif
44、y your old patterns.C.Challenging you with difficult patterns.D.Arousing your inner desire to change.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：15.00)What are feelings for? Most non-scientists will find it a strange question. Feelings .justify themselves. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other
45、 hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions are primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact
46、that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that; that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certain reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feelings or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red sp
47、ot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill (喙); the chick pecks the parent“s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content. At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content.
48、In mammalsincluding humansthat have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their be
49、havior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler. Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit scientific methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (_正统观念) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal be
