1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 345及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Doctors and the health-care systems in all nations still largely use paper to communicate. This paper is shuttled from one hospital to another, often doesn“t arrive on time and sometimes doesn“t show up at all. Some of th
2、e most important information is written in longhand, and how legible is your doctor“s handwriting? Fortunately, there is a growing movement to change that, using electronic information technology. While relatively few providers use electronic health records in their offices, that figure is increasin
3、g rapidly. More doctors are using computers to order diagnostic tests and treatment. Gradually, institutions are building systems with common coding systems that allow them to exchange data. The single most important benefit of electronic records is that they make it possible to deliver information
4、to your doctor at the moment he is making decisions about you care. Instead of having to read through what can be hundreds of pages in your medical record to find a particular test results, or your weight has been over the past three years, that data are now available in an instant. Technology is al
5、so making it easier for patients to communicate with doctors and participate in their treatmentenabling them, for example, to ask for a refill and referral, or to transmit important information like the blood-pressure readings taken on home machines. Prescribing medicines is also getting a lot safer
6、 and more efficient. Computers not only solve the legibility problem with prescriptions, they can also remind the doctor about potential adverse drug-drug interactions or patient drug allergies, and even recommend an adjusted dose based on a patient“s kidney function. In some hospitals, drug orders
7、are bar-coded to be sure they are going to the right patient, and intravenous drugs are delivered through “smart pumps“ that ensure the dose is acceptable. Without such checking, it is easy for a nurse to make an error, and give 10 times too much medication. Computerizing medical care will be expens
8、ive, but there should be a huge return on investment. If not done properly, computerizing medical care can frustrate doctors and threaten the confidentiality of patient records. But in health-care systems that have adopted the technology, these are occasional problems, while improved safety, quality
9、 and efficiency are a daily reality.（分数：20.00）(1).The communication by paper between doctors has problems partly because _.（分数：4.00）A.it costs a large amount for postageB.some doctors have difficulty reading the handwriting on the paperC.there isn“t a good filling system to record the documentD.it t
10、akes too much time to copy what is written in the diagnosis(2).What was made possible by adopting computer technology in medical communication?（分数：4.00）A.Patients don“t have to come to the pharmacy to pick up their medicine.B.Doctors can provide a treatment without the assistance of nurses.C.Hospita
11、ls can accept more patients at the emergency room.D.Patients at home can communicate with their doctor about their blood pressure.(3).In making prescriptions, _.（分数：4.00）A.doctors should be careful not to write down personal informationB.it is different to find out all the patient“s allergiesC.the n
12、ew technology helps avoid errors about the amount of medicationD.doctors and nurses work together to double check who received the medication(4).Computerizing health-care systems _.（分数：4.00）A.are still improving and becoming saferB.require many specialists about computers to avoid accidentsC.solve e
13、very problem we have now in hospitalsD.are convenient for doctors and nurses, but not for patients(5).Which of the following statements is true?（分数：4.00）A.The new health-care system with computers is too expensive to be adopted by most medical institution.B.The number of hospitals where doctors use
14、a computerized health-care system is increasing.C.Even computers make mistakes, so it is safer for doctors and nurses to check each prescription.D.In the future, patients don“t have to go to the hospital because they can get the diagnosis and the prescription online.As the earth“s surfaces warm, eva
15、poration (蒸发) is drying out forests and soils, increasing susceptibility to fire. Last summer, more than 7.3 million acres of U.S. forests burned during an intense drought. Most alarmingly, as an intergovernmental panel concluded in 2001, earth“s biological systems are already responding to climate
16、change. The current epidemic (传染病) of bark beetles adds a new dimension to the risk of fires. Mountain bark beetles attack lodgepole, ponderosa (黄松), Douglass fir (花旗松), sugar and western white pines, destroying them by injecting a fungus (真菌). The galleries of eggs they lay inside the bark pave the
17、 way for the trees“ death within a year. Healthy trees secrete pitch to drown the invaders and plug the holes they bore, but drought dries out the pitch. Woodpeckers and nuthatches keep adult numbers in check, but with warmer winters, beetle populations can quadruple in a year, outpacing their pursu
18、ers. Warming is increasing the reproduction, abundance and geographic range of beetles, destabilizing the age-old, hard won trace between insects and vegetation. Since 1994, mild winters in Wyoming have helped the beetle larvae (幼虫) survive the season. Usually, 80 percent die, but the mortality rate
19、 has dropped to less than 10 percent. In Alaska, spruce bark beetles are sneaking in an extra generation a year due to warming, and have destroyed 4 million acres in the Kenai Peninsula in the past five years. “This is another example of global climate change that has deadly implications for my stat
20、e,“ declared Alaska“s Republican Sen. Ted Stevens last year. Warming is also expanding the beetles“ range into higher altitudes. In the past four or five years, they have begun to attack whitebark pines at an elevation of 8,000 feet or higher. Jesse Logan, who works for the Utah Forest Service, told
21、 the Billings (Mont.) Gazette last month that this development coincides with an overall warming trend that began in the 1980s. “Beetles are cold-blooded, so their metabolism is related to the environment they“re in,“ according to Logan, who said the beetles seem to be a reliable indicator of global
22、 climate change.（分数：20.00）(1).Bark beetles _.（分数：4.00）A.are disappearing because of the increase of wildfiresB.are easily killed by woodpeckers and nuthatchesC.lay their eggs under the ground at the bottom of treesD.have become able to survive the winter(2).What is the relationship between bark beet
23、les and climate change?（分数：4.00）A.More and more bark beetles die due to global warming.B.Bark beetles have more risk of dying in warming winters.C.Global warming causes an increase in the number of bark beetles.D.There is no relation between them.(3).Why do we have more wildfires now than before?（分数
24、：4.00）A.Because the number of the bark beetles is decreasing.B.Because trees where bark beetles live dry out easily and catch fire.C.Because bark beetles prevent the earth from getting warmer.D.Because bark beetles are cold-blooded and need fire to warm up their bodies.(4).What kind of changes has a
25、ppeared in the living area of bark beetles?（分数：4.00）A.They are moving from the cooler east to the warmer west areas.B.They have become able to live in the higher areas of the mountains.C.They are moving from Alaska to Wyoming.D.They have come to live in the dead trees after wildfires.(5).Which of th
26、e following statement is true?（分数：4.00）A.The life expectancy of the bark beetles is becoming shorter.B.Global warming doesn“t influence the earth“s biological systems.C.The number of woodpeckers is rapidly increasing because of warmer winters.D.We can rely on bark beetles to indicate global climate
27、change.In many countries, governments are trying to get citizens to eat more healthily. One way in which governments are trying to do this is by increasing taxes on foods that are unhealthy. For example, Denmark, a country in Europe, taxes products that contain a lot of sugar, such as ice cream and
28、chocolate. In 2011, the Danish government went one step further and introduced a tax on the fats contained in foods like butter and cheese. However, experts do not agree whether such taxes work. Some health experts have always disagreed with taxing fats. They say we need to consider each food separa
29、tely and not simply worry about how much fat it contains. For the same reason, Danish dairy farmers felt that the government was wrong to say that the foods they produce are unhealthy. Cheese, for example, contains a lot of fat, but it does not seem to lead to health problems in the way other kinds
30、of fat do. Such critics believe that the government should instead try to make healthy foods, such as vegetables, cheaper. There have also been economic problems because of the tax. The Danish government thought that if the cost of fatty foods went up, people would not buy as much of them. However,
31、some foods such as butter and cheese are an important part of the traditional Danish diet. Since these could not be bought in Denmark at reasonable prices, many Danish people began shopping in nearby countries. One study discovered that as many as 48 percent of Danish people were going to Germany or
32、 Sweden to do shopping, and the Danish economy lost about $1.8 billion because of this. For these reasons, the Danish government decided to get rid of the tax after only one year. However, many doctors say that one year is not long enough to know if the tax helped Danish citizens“ health. They claim
33、 that the Danish government is worried more about the economy than it is about the Danish people. But even though the tax did not work in Denmark, some countries have not given up on the idea. The United Kingdom and France are thinking of trying similar taxes, and Hungary has already put a tax on fa
34、tty foods.（分数：20.00）(1).What is one way governments are trying to make people healthier?（分数：4.00）A.By promoting low-fat versions of many popular foods.B.By forcing them to pay more for certain kinds of food.C.By decreasing the amount of sugar allowed in products.D.By creating laws concerning how muc
35、h people are allowed to eat.(2).Dairy farmers in Denmark _.（分数：4.00）A.felt that they were being made to produce too many productsB.were worried that the government was planning to ban cheeseC.argued that their products are healthier than the government saidD.admitted that their products contained an
36、 unhealthy amount of fat(3).What was one result of taxing foods that have a lot of fat?（分数：4.00）A.Many people avoided paying the tax by shopping abroad.B.Many people began eating traditional Danish food.C.It made healthy foods like fruit and vegetables cost more.D.It caused people in Germany and Swe
37、den to spend less money.(4).Many doctors think that the Danish government _.（分数：4.00）A.could have ended the tax on fats much soonerB.is more concerned about money than the health of its citizensC.has enough information to see if taxes on unhealthy foods are effectiveD.should ask other countries to m
38、ake laws against selling fatty foods(5).Which of the following statement is true?（分数：4.00）A.Some people think that making healthy foods cheaper would work better than a tax.B.Health experts say that we should eat more dairy products than other foods.C.Some kinds of fruit and vegetables are as unheal
39、thy as meat.D.Many people buy unhealthy foods to avoid paying high taxes.Though it now seems merely an episode in the last year of World War I, the influenza pandemic of the autumn of 1918 was one of the three greatest outbreaks of disease in history. Only the plague of Justinian and the Black Death
40、 compare with it. A quarter of the world“s population was affected; all in all, it killed 22 million people, almost twice as many as were killed in the war itself. In India, more people died from influenza in a few months than had died from cholera in twenty years. In the United States, half a milli
41、on people died. Through centuries, the course of epidemics has run from east to west. The 1918 influenza epidemic followed this pattern, reaching America last. Traditionally, Asia has been the matrix of disease, almost as though there existed, in the vastness of Mongolia, a permanent focus of infect
42、ion which would erupt periodically into the rest of the world. Some doctors maintained that the influenza was introduced by Chinese labor battalions that landed on the coast of France. Some attributed it to Russian soldiers arriving from Vladivostock. Others thought it might have developed in Spain
43、from an earlier bronchitis which was so prevalent during the spring that the name “Spanish“ was given to the autumn influenza. There was even one tenuous theory that the disease sprang into being in an isolated Georgia training camp during the winter of 1917 and migrated westward until it had circum
44、navigated the earth. Influenza is still a mysterious disease. No one yet knows whether it is one virus or several, why it occurs in cycle, or how and where it lies dormant between epidemics. There are theories of weather, theories of the wearing off of group immunity, and even a theory of determinat
45、ion by economic circumstances. The most generally held current explanation is, however, that a pandemic like that of 1918 arises when a new and explosive strain of virus develops through a spontaneous process of mutation or renewal.（分数：20.00）(1).What is this article mainry about?（分数：4.00）A.The Black
46、 Plague.B.The flu epidemic of 1918.C.The plague of Justinian.D.All epidemics.(2).Which of the following is true of the epidemic of 1918?（分数：4.00）A.It was one of the three greatest outbreaks of disease in history.B.It affected a quarter of the world“s population.C.It was the greatest outbreak of dise
47、ase in the history of man.D.Both A and B.(3).Which of the following is a result of the 1918 epidemic?（分数：4.00）A.22 million people died.B.22 million Americans died.C.Half as many people died as were killed in World War I.D.As many people died as were killed in World War .(4).Through the centuries, th
48、e course of epidemics has been _.（分数：4.00）A.from west to eastB.from north to southC.from east to westD.haphazard(5).The word “mutation“ (Line 6, Para.3) means _.（分数：4.00）A.developmentB.evolutionC.cultivationD.transformationConsumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environme
49、ntal claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling“ study published by Consumers International Friday. Among the report“s more outrageous (耸人听闻的) findings, a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly“, a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting“ and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier“. The study was written and researched by Britain“s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission. “Wh
