1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 339及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)The Rise of the Sharing EconomyA. Last night 40,000 people rented accommodation from a service that offers 250,000 rooms in 30,000 cities in 192 countries. They chose their rooms and paid for everything online. But their
2、beds were provided by private individuals, rather than a hotel chain. Hosts and guests were matched up by Airbnb, a firm based in San Francisco. Since its launch in 2008 more than 4 million people have used it2.5 million of them in 2012 alone. It is the most prominent example of a huge new “sharing
3、economy“, in which people rent beds, cars, boats and other assets directly from each other, coordinated via the Internet. B. You might think this is no different from running a bed-and-breakfast. Owning a time share or participating in a car pool. But technology has reduced transaction costs, making
4、 sharing assets cheaper and easier than everand therefore possible on a much larger scale. The big change is the availability of more data about people and things, which allows physical assets to be divided and consumed as services. Before the interact, renting a surfboard, a power tool or a parking
5、 space from someone else was feasible, but was usually more trouble than it was worth. Now websites such as Airbnb, Relay Rides and Snap Goods match up owners and renters; smart phones with GPS let people see where the nearest rentable car is parked; social networks provide a way to check up on peop
6、le and build trust; and online payment systems handle the billing. What“s mine is yours, for a fee C. Just as peer-to-peer businesses like eBay allow anyone to become a retailer, sharing sites let individuals act as an ad hoc (临时的) taxi service, car-hire firm or boutique hotel (精品酒店) as and when it
7、suits them. Just go online or download an app. The model works for items that are expensive to buy and are widely owned by people who do not make full use of them. Bedrooms and cars are the most obvious examples, but you can also rent camping spaces in Sweden, fields in Australia and washing machine
8、s in France. As advocates of the sharing economy like to put it, access trumps (胜过) ownership. D. Rachel Botsman, the author of a book on the subject, says the consumer peer-to-peer rental market alone is worth $26 billion. Broader definitions of the sharing economy include peer-to-peer lending or p
9、utting a solar panel on your roof and selling power back to the grid (电网). And it is not just individuals: the web makes it easier for companies to rent out spare offices and idle machines, too. But the core of the sharing economy is people renting things from each other. E. Such “ collaborative (合作
10、的) consumption“ is a good thing for several reasons. Owners make money from underused assets. Airbnb says hosts in San Francisco who rent out their homes do so for an average of 58 nights a year, making $9,300. Car owners who rent their vehicles to others using Relay Rides make an average of $250 a
11、month; some make more than $1,000. Renters, meanwhile, pay less than they would if they bought the item themselves, or turned to a traditional provider such as a hotel or car-hire firm. And there are environmental benefits, too: renting a car when you need it, rather than owning one, means fewer car
12、s are required and fewer resources must be devoted to making them. F. For sociable souls, meeting new people by staying in their homes is part of the charm. Curmudgeons (脾气倔的人) who imagine that every renter is a murderer can still stay at conventional hotels. For others, the web fosters trust. As we
13、ll as the background checks carried out by platform owners, online reviews and ratings are usually posted by both parties to each transaction, which makes it easy to spot bad drivers, bathrobe-thieves and surfboard-wreckers. By using Facebook and other social networks, participants can check each ot
14、her out and identify friends (or friends of friends) in common. An Airbnb user had her apartment trashed in 2011. But the remarkable thing is how well the system usually works. Peering into the future G. The sharing economy is a little like online shopping, which started in America 15 years ago. At
15、first, people were worried about security. But having made a successful purchase from, say, Amazon, they felt safe buying elsewhere. Similarly, using Airbnb or a car-hire service for the first time encourages people to try other offerings. Next, consider eBay. Having started out as a peer-to-peer ma
16、rketplace, it is now dominated by professional “power sellers“ (many of whom started out as ordinary eBay users). The same may happen with the sharing economy, which also provides new opportunities for enterprise; Some people have bought cars solely to rent them out, for example. H. Existing rental
17、businesses are getting involved too. Avis, a car-hire firm, has a share in a sharing rival. So do GM and Dalmler, two carmakers. In future, companies may develop hybrid (混合的) models, listing excess capacity (whether vehicles, equipment or office, space) on peer-to-peer rental sites. In the past, new
18、 ways of doing things online have not displaced the old ways entirely. But they have often changed them. Just as internet shopping forced Wal-mart and Tesco to adapt, so online sharing will shake up transport, tourism, equipment-hire and more. I. The main worry is regulatory uncertainty. Will room-r
19、enters be subject to hotel taxes, for example? In Amsterdam officials are using Airbnb listings to track down unlicensed hotels. In some American cities, peer-to-peer taxi services have been banned after lobbying by traditional taxi firms. The danger is that although some rules need to be updated to
20、 protect consumers from harm, existing rental businesses will try to destroy competition. People who rent out rooms should pay tax, of course, but they should not be regulated like a Ritz-Carlton hotel. The lighter rules that typically govern bed-and-breakfasts are more than adequate. J. The sharing
21、 economy is the latest example of the internet“s value to consumers. This emerging model is now big and disruptive (颠覆性的) enough for regulators and companies to have woken up to it. That is a sign of its immense potential. It is time to start caring about sharing.（分数：25.00）(1).Sharing items such as
22、cars do good to the environment.（分数：2.50）(2).Airbnb“s success clearly illustrates the emergence of a huge sharing economy.（分数：2.50）(3).The major concern about the sharing economy is how the government regulates it.（分数：2.50）(4).The most frequently shared items are those expensive to buy but not fully
23、 used.（分数：2.50）(5).The sharing economy has a promising future.（分数：2.50）(6).Online sharing will change the way business is done in transportation, travel and rentals, etc.（分数：2.50）(7).Airbnb is a website that enables owners and renters to complete transactions online.（分数：2.50）(8).The sharing economy
24、is likely to go the way of online shopping.（分数：2.50）(9).One advantage of sharing is that owners earn money from renting out items not made full use of.（分数：2.50）(10).Sharing appeals to the sociable in that they can meet new people.（分数：2.50）The Reasonable Woman StandardA. Since the volatile mix of sex
25、 and harassment exploded under the Capitol dome, it hasn“t just been senators scurrying for cover. The case of the professor and the judge has left a gender gap that looks more like a crater. B. We have discovered that men and women see this issue differently. On the “Today“ show, Bryant Gumbel asks
26、 something about a man“s fight to have a pinup on the wall and Katie Couric says what she thinks of that. On the normally sober “MacNeil/ Lehrer“ hour the usual panel of legal experts doesn“t break down between left and right but between male and female. C. On a hundred radio talk shows, women are s
27、haring experiences and men are asking for proof. In ten thousand offices, the order of the day is the nervous joke. One boss asks his secretary if he can still say “good morning,“ or is that sexual harassment. Heh, heh. The women aren“t laughing. D. Okay boys and girls, back to your comers. Can we t
28、alk? Can we hear? E. The good news is that women have stopped rolling their eyes at each other and started speaking out. The bad news is that we may each assume the other gender not only doesn“t understand but can“t understand. “They don“t get it“ becomes “they can“t get it.“ F. Let“s start with the
29、 fact that sexual harassment is a concept as new as date rape. Date rape, that should-be oxymoron, assumes a different perspective on the part of the man and the woman. His date, her rape. Sexual harassment comes with some of the same assumptions. What he labels sexual, she labels harassment. G. Thi
30、s produces what many men tend to darkly call a “murky“ area of the law. Murky, however, is a step in the right direction. When everything was clear, it was clearly biased. The old single standard was a male standard. The only options a working woman had were to grin, bear it or quit. H. Sexual haras
31、sment rules are based on the point of view of the victim, nearly always a woman. The rules ask, nor just whether she has been physically assaulted, but whether the environment in which she works is intimidating or coercive, and whether she feels harassed. It says that her feelings matter. I. This, o
32、f course, raises all sorts of hackles about women“s feelings, women“s sensitivity. How can you judge the sensitivity level of every single woman you work with? What“s a poor man to do? J. But the law isn“t psychiatry. It doesn“t adapt to individual sensitivity levels. There is a standard emerging by
33、 which the courts can judge these cases and by which people can judge them as well. It“s called “the reasonable woman standard“. How would a reasonable woman interpret this? How would a reasonable woman behave? K. This is not an entirely new idea, although perhaps the law“s belief in the reasonablen
34、ess of women is. There has long been a “reasonable man“ in the law not to mention a “reasonable pilot“, a “reasonable innkeeper“, a “reasonable train operator“. L. Now the law is admitting that a reasonable woman may see these situations differently from a man. That truthavailable in your senator“s
35、mailbagis also apparent in research. We tend to see sexualized situations from our own gender“s perspective. Kim Lane Scheppele, a political science and law professor at the University of Michigan, summarizes the miscues this way: “Men see the sex first and miss the coercion. Women see the coercion
36、and miss the sex.“ M. Does that mean that we are genetically doomed to our double vision? Scheppele is quick to say no. Our justice system rests on the belief that one person can get in another“s head, walk in her shoes, see things from another perspective. And so dose our hope for change. N. If a j
37、ury of car drivers can understand how a “reasonable pilot“ would see one situation, a jury of men can see how a reasonable woman would see another event. The crucial ingredient is empathy. O. Check it out in the office tomorrow. He“s coming on, she“s backing off, he keeps coming. Read the body langu
38、age. There“s a Playboy calendar on the wall and a PMS joke in the boardroom and the boss is just being friendly. How would a reasonable woman feel? P. At this moment, when the air is cracking with hostility and consciousness-raising, has the hair sticking up on the back of many necks, guess what? Me
39、n can “get it“. Reasonable men.（分数：25.00）(1).Date rape means differently for men and women.（分数：2.50）(2).People can judge them by “the reasonable woman standard“.（分数：2.50）(3).Empathy plays a crucial role in understanding others.（分数：2.50）(4).Unfortunately, we think the opposite sex doesn“t understand
40、and can“t understand.（分数：2.50）(5).Under the old single male standard, women had to bear it or quit.（分数：2.50）(6).Our justice system rests on the belief that people can take another angle when dealing with problems.（分数：2.50）(7).Sexual harassment rules raise various hackles about women“s feelings and w
41、omen“s sensitivity.（分数：2.50）(8).The idea of “reasonable man“ has been long in the law.（分数：2.50）(9).According to Kim Lane Scheppele, both men and women just see one aspect while missing the other aspect of sexualized situations.（分数：2.50）(10).Sexual harassment rules lies on the viewpoint of the victim
42、, as well as her feelings.（分数：2.50）The Internet AdvocateA. Contrary to the manner in which many legislators and news reports have depicted it, the Internet is an appropriate and useful information tool for children and young adults. Educators have realized this for years and worked diligently to cre
43、ate and promote increasing numbers of K-12 (from Kindergarten to 12th grade) resources available on the Internet. Unfortunately, these innovative efforts do not receive the same widespread media coverage that reports of pornography on the Internet have garnered. B. Because many people who have never
44、 used the Internet may base their understanding of the Net solely on the negative stories they have read in the popular press, or heard about on television, they may perceive the Internet as unsafe for children. Virginia Cooper, Youth Services Librarian at the Henrietta Public Library in Rochester,
45、New York, encountered just such a reaction when she informed some older adults that the library would soon offer Interact access. C. “Their response was: “Oh, that“s where all that pornography is.“ Obviously,“ Cooper notes, “we are going to have to convince a significant segment of the population th
46、at the Internet isn“t all porn!“ D. In addition to helping librarians and educators dispel the notion that the Net is filled with nothing but porn, this Resource Guide attempts to provide an introduction to the multitude of exciting ways young people are using the Internet in their schools and publi
47、c libraries. These links are provided to give you an easily accessible, small taste of what“s “out there. “They are not the best examples, just a few impressive applications which lead to hundreds more. Venture forth and explore! E. Some of Web pages designed for children and young adults have a two
48、-fold purpose. In addition to serving as ready-reference tools and pointing out useful places to conduct research, these Web pages steer patrons and students to sites that teachers or librarians have determined to be appropriate for young users. However, because part of the value of the Internet ste
49、ms from enabling children to learn how to effectively search for information and become discriminating information consumers, and because it is nearly impossible to restrict access within the infinite sphere of the Internet, most schools and public libraries offering Internet access to young people have adopted Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs) or Disclaimers. These policies typically state that the Internet provider cannot review everything on the Internet and, thus, must require students or parents to use the Internet smartly and responsibly. F. Bill Sears, who has developed an online libra
