1、大学英语四级分类模拟题 336 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)Banking on SpermA. It came to him in a dream. Ole Schou was a young Danish business student when he awoke one morning two decades ago with images of spermatozoa swimming in his head. Schou“s strange nocturnal vision gave
2、 rise to an obsession. “Some people collect stamps; others play golf,“ he explains, “I studied sperm.“ With no scientific or medical training, Schou set out to make himself an expert, poring over the scientific literature and consulting specialists about different methods for freezing sperm. His goa
3、l: to establish “the best sperm bank in the world.“ B. Schou“s single-minded devotion has paid off. Cryos, the company he founded in 1987 in the Danish city, Aarhus, claims to be the world“s largest sperm bank, with more than 200 active donors and revenues nearing $1 million. In the high-tech world
4、of modern reproduction, sperm is becoming a controversial business, and with his aggressive entrepreneurial flair, Schou is something of a trailblazer. Last year Cryos signed a special agreement with British authorities that will allow the firm to make bulk exports to a Scottish clinic that cannot f
5、ind donors to meet its tough standards. Schou, 45, estimates that British sales could eventually bring the company more than $2 million annually. C. Cryos has benefited from a bewildering patchwork of European rules governing sperm donation. In Britain, for example, the law dictates that a single do
6、nor can father only 10 children. In Denmark, whose population of 5 million is less than one-tenth of Britain“s, the limit is 25. In Austria and Sweden, laws allow children conceived through sperm donation to seek the identity of their parents when the children reach age 18. Denmark, however, has mor
7、e sweeping protection of donor anonymity: Cryos does not maintain a record of its donor“s names, using a coded identification number instead. According to Schou, the Swedish law has resulted in such a severe donor shortage that hundreds of Swedish couples seek help each year in Denmark. Attracting d
8、onors is not much of a problem in Aarhus, which has a large university population. But only about 10% of those who apply make it through the screening process, which includes a psychological assessment as well as a battery of medical tests to rule out HIV, hepatitis and other diseases. D. Cryos does
9、 not maintain the exhaustive profiles of donor characteristics used by U.S. Sperm banks. The company limits its data to such fundamentals as hair and eye color, height and ethnic classification, which, says Schou, is the main difference from what he calls the “couture style“ U.S. system of merchandi
10、sing sperm. He is critical of the U.S. Reliance on “positive eugenics“ his term for the penchant for selecting donors based on detailed genetic, physical and psychological profiles. E. Schou believes sperm banks should practice “negative eugenics“ testing for disease and severe genetic defects only
11、to the extent that an average couple would. On the other hand, to supply a global marketplace, he is having to bend his principles. Cryos now supplies a few U.S. Clinics with sperm, and in those cases has begun to provide more extensive donor profiles. To serve increasing demand for non-Scandinavian
12、 ethnic types, Schou cooperates with a handful of overseas sperm banks. F. Cryos appears likely to continue to dominate Europe“s commercial sperm-donor industry, and its growing success is provoking some criticism. Charles Sims, a clinical pathologist who co-founded California Cryobank, the best-kno
13、wn U.S. Sperm bank, thinks Cryos“ claims of market dominance are misplaced. “Sperm is not a commodity,“ he says. “It“s not something you“re selling like aspirin. “But Ole Schou shrugs off those views. He is passionate about his company“s mission to help thousands of would-be parents. In fact, he and
14、 his wife are about to become first-time parentsthe old-fashioned way. “We“ve been working at it for many years, and believe me, it“s not that easy“.（分数：25.00）(1).Cryos differs from U.S. Sperm banks in the aspect of donor characteristics.（分数：2.50）(2).There were over 200 active sperm donors when Cryo
15、s was founded in 1987.（分数：2.50）(3).Schou is criticized that his claims of market dominance are not appropriate.（分数：2.50）(4).In Denmark, donor“s privacy is protected by a coded identification number.（分数：2.50）(5).It was 20 years ago that Schou began to be obsessed with the study of sperm.（分数：2.50）(6).
16、Cryos has begun to provide more donor characteristics in order to supply a global marketplace.（分数：2.50）(7).It is estimated that the sperm exports to a Scottish clinic will bring an income of more than $2 million every year.（分数：2.50）(8).Ole Schou doesn“t care about Charles Sims“s criticism and keeps
17、enthusiastic about his career.（分数：2.50）(9).When Schou decided to make himself a sperm expert, he had no any experience of scientific training.（分数：2.50）(10).In Aarhus, only 10% of willing donors meet the tough standards.（分数：2.50）How to Make Attractive and Effective PowerPoint PresentationsA. Microsof
18、t PowerPoint has dramatically changed the way in which academic and business presentations are made. This article outlines few tips on making more effective and attractive PowerPoint presentations. The Text B. Keep the wording clear and simple. Use active, visual language. Cut unnecessary wordsa goo
19、d rule of thumb is to cut paragraphs down to sentences, sentences into phrases, and phrases into key words. Limit the number of words and lines per slide. Try the Rule of Five-five words per line, five lines per slide. If too much text appears on one slide, use the AutoFit feature to split it betwee
20、n two slides. Click within the placeholder to display the AutoFit Options button (its symbol is two horizontal lines with arrows above and below), then click on the button and choose Split Text between Two Slides from the submenu. C. Font size for titles should be at least 36 to 40, while the text b
21、ody should not be smaller than 24. Use only two font styles per slideone for the title and the other for the text. Choose two fonts that visually contrast with each other. Garamond Medium Condensed and Impact are good for titles, while Garamond or Tempus Sans can be used for the text body. D. Embed
22、the fonts in your presentation, if you are not sure whether the fonts used in the presentation are present in the computer that will be used for the presentation. To embed the fonts: (1) On the File menu, click Save As. (2) On the toolbar, click Tools, click Save Options, select the Embed TrueType F
23、onts check box, and then select Embed characters in use only. E. Use colors sparingly; two to three at most. You may use one color for all the titles and another for the text body. Be consistent from slide to slide. Choose a font color that contrasts well with the background. F. Capitalizing the fir
24、st letter of each word is good for the title of slides and suggests a more formal situation than having just the first letter of the first word capitalized. In bullet point lines, capitalize the first word and no other words unless they normally appear capped. Upper and lower case lettering is more
25、readable than all capital letters. Moreover, current styles indicate that using all capital letters means you are shouting. If you have text that is in the wrong case, select the text, and then click Shift+F3 until it changes to the case style that you like. Clicking Shift+F3 toggles the text case b
26、etween ALL CAPS, lower case, and Initial Capital styles. G. Use bold or italic typeface for emphasis. Avoid underlining, it clutters up the presentation. Don“t center bulleted lists or text. It is confusing to read. Left align unless you have a good reason not to. Run “spell check“ on your show when
27、 finished. The Background H. Keep the background consistent. Simple, light textured backgrounds work well. Complicated textures make the content hard to read. If you are planning to use many clips in your slides, select a white background. If the venue of your presentation is not adequately light-pr
28、oof, select a dark-colored background and use any light color for text. Minimize the use of “bells and whistles“ such as sound effects, “flying words“ and multiple transitions. Don“t use red in any fonts or backgrounds. It is an emotionally overwhelming color that is difficult to see and read. The C
29、lips I. Animations are best used subtly; too much flash and motion can distract and annoy viewers. Do not rely too heavily on those images that were originally loaded on your computer with the rest of Office. You can easily find appropriate clips on any topic through Google Images. While searching f
30、or images, do not use long search phrases as is usually done while searching the web-use specific words. J. When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than two megabytes and are in a jpg format. Larger files can slow down your show. Keep graphs, charts and diagrams simple, if possible.
31、 Use bar graphs and pie charts instead of tables of data. The audience can then immediately pick up the relationships. The Presentation K. If you want your presentation to directly open in the slide show view, save it as a slide show file using the following steps. Open the presentation you want to
32、save as a slide show. On the File menu, click Save As. In the Save as type list, click PowerPoint Show. Your slide show file will be saved with a ppt file extension. When you double-click on this file, it will automatically start your presentation in slide show view. When you“re done, PowerPoint aut
33、omatically closes and you return to the desktop. If you want to edit the slide show file, you can always open it from PowerPoint by clicking Open on the File menu. L. Look at the audience, not at the slides, whenever possible. If using a laser pointer, don“t move it too fast. For example, if circlin
34、g a number on the slide, do it slowly. Never point the laser at the audience. Black out the screen (use “B“ on the keyboard) after the point has been made, to put the focus on you. Press the key again to continue your presentation. M. You can use the shortcut command Ctrl P to access the Pen tool du
35、ring a slide show. Click with your mouse and drag to use the Pen tool to draw during your slide show. To erase everything you“ve drawn, press the E key. To turn off the Pen tool, press Esc once. Miscellaneous N. Master Slide Set-Up: The “master slide“ will allow you to make changes that are reflecte
36、d on every slide in your presentation. You can change fonts, colors, backgrounds, headers, and footers at the “master slide“ level. First, go to the “View“ menu. Pull down the “Master“ menu. Select the “slide master“ menu. You may now make changes at this level that meet your presentation needs.（分数：
37、25.00）(1).When making the PowerPoint, the wording of the text should be simple.（分数：2.50）(2).When importing pictures, make sure that they are smaller than 2MB.（分数：2.50）(3).A more formal situation is capitalizing the first letter of each word.（分数：2.50）(4).Centering bulleted lists or text is confusing
38、to read.（分数：2.50）(5).The ways in which academic and business presentations are made have been changed by Microsoft PowerPoint.（分数：2.50）(6).Pressing the E key can help you to erase everything you“ve drawn.（分数：2.50）(7).In each slide, the font styles for the title and the text should contrast with each
39、 other.（分数：2.50）(8).In order to meet your presentation needs, you can make changes at the “slide master“ level.（分数：2.50）(9).Sound effects should be used as less frequently as possible.（分数：2.50）(10).When making the presentation, you should look at the audience as possible as you can.（分数：2.50）Educatio
40、n Study Finds U.S. Falling BehindA. Teachers in the United States earn less relative to national income than their counterparts in many industrialized countries, yet they spend far more hours in front of the classroom, according to a major new international study. B. The salary differentials are par
41、t of a pattern of relatively low public investment in education in the United States compared with other member nations of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group in Paris that compiled the report. Total government spending on educational institutions in the United States
42、slipped to 4.8 percent of gross domestic product in 1998, falling under the international average5 percentfor the first time. C. “The whole economy has grown faster than the education system,“ Andreas Schleicher, one of the reports“ authors, explained. “The economy has done very well, but teachers h
43、ave not fully benefited.“ The report, due out today, is the sixth on education published since 1991 by the organization of 30 nations, founded in 1960, and now covering much of Europe, North America, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. D. In addition to the teacher pay gap, the report sho
44、ws the other countries have begun to catch up with the United States in higher education: college enrollment has grown by 20 percent since 1995 across the group, with one in four young people now earning degrees. For the first time, the United States“ college graduation rate, now at 33 percent, is n
45、ot the world“s highest. Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Britain have surpassed it. E. The United States is also producing fewer mathematics and science graduates than most of the other member states. And, the report says, a college degree produces a greater boost in income here while the l
46、ack of a high school diploma imposes a bigger income penalty. “The number of graduates is increasing, but that stimulates even more of a demandthere is no end in sight,“ Mr. Schleicher said. “The demand for skill, clearly, is growing faster than the supply that is coming from schools and colleges.“
47、F. The report lists the salary for a high school teacher in the United States with 15 years experience as $36,219, above the international average of $31,887 but behind seven other countries and less than 60 percent of Switzerland“s $62,052. Because teachers in the Unites States have a heavier class
48、room loadteaching almost a third more hours than their counterparts abroadtheir salary per hour of actual teaching is $35, less than the international average of $41 (Denmark, Spain and Germany pay more than $50 per teaching hour, South Korea $77). In 1994, such a veteran teacher in the United State
49、s earned 1.2 times the average per capita income whereas in 1999 the salary was just under the national average. Only the Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland and Norway pay their teachers less relative to national income; in South Korea, the actual teaching salary is 2.5 times that of the national average. Teacher pay accounts for 56 percent of what the United States spends on education, well below the 67 percent average among the group of countries. G. The new data come as the United States faces a shortage of two million teachers over the next decade, with questions of training, pro
