1、大学英语四级-298 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section A(总题数：1，分数：30.00)Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the 1 of freedom of the individ
2、ual research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those 2 in carrying it out from effective 3 with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally
3、varies 4 . Some of the bigger firms take part in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a 5 advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be ta
4、ken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This 6 particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in 7 and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the res
5、earch cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great 8 in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are 9 to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to 10 the kind of research they are l
6、ikely to be undertaking. A. increasingly B. positive C. trace D. lack E. efficient F. engaged G. elementary H. survey I. difficulty J. physical K. contact L. unwilling M. applies N. considerably O. undertaken（分数：30.00）三、Section B(总题数：1，分数：35.00)Will Donald Trump“s Victory Empower Africa“s Strongmen?
7、A As the sun rose over Kinshasa on 9 November, Martin Fayulu was awoken by a phone call from a relative in the US telling him to switch on his televisionDonald Trump appeared set to become the next US president. B Fayutu, an opposition politician at the forefront of recent protests calling for elect
8、ions to be held on time in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, immediately switched on a French channel. “Many Congolese were watching, and a lot had mixed feelings,“ he said. C Across Africa the interest was equally intense, with the surprise result prompting fierce speculation about the unexpect
9、ed winner“s possible policy towards the continent. Many have asked if Trump actually cares about Africa. Observers noted that not one of the 29 leaders that the president-elect had spoken to in the week following his election was from sub-Saharan Africa. D “The simple question is, does Africa matter
10、 enough to Trump for him to change much?“ said Peter Fabricius, a Johannesburg-based foreign affairs expert. The news and analysis website The Conversation described Trump“s likely foreign policy on Africa as “where“s that?“ E There are some on the continent, however, who would welcome a lack of int
11、erest from Washington, experts say. Trump“s victory may allow more autocratic African rulers freedom to tweak constitutions to retain power, harass dissidents, shut down media organizations, in some cases, simply make more money. F “A bunch of democratic gains are slowly being eroded in a lot of qui
12、te important countries.This is a really bad moment for the continent, to have somebody take over in Washington who is not necessarily going to be so sharp on supporting democratic values abroad,“ said Nic Cheeseman, an expert on democracy in _Africa at Oxford University. G The US election campaign w
13、as scrutinized particularly closely the DRC capital of Kinshasa, by Fayulu and others in the opposition movement. In recent months the Obama administration had supported their cause, and had increased the pressure on the country“s president, Joseph Kabila, to hold elections before the end of his man
14、date in December. H Sanctions had also been imposed on Kabila“s close associates after protests were violently repressed, and relations deteriorated to the point where government supporters attacked the US special envoy to the region. When Trump“s victory became clear, Lambert Mend6, the DRC“s infor
15、mation minister, made it plain that Kabila“s government would welcome a change in policy. “I would just say that at a governmental level we have not enjoyed the last few years of the administration, which has behaved with a very cavalier attitude towards us . We hope that relations will now be much
16、more respectful of our dignity and our sovereignty,“ he said. Kabila, who has ruled DRC since 2001, also sent an effusive letter to Trump congratulating him on his “brilliant election“. Another African ruler to welcome Trump“s election is Pierre Nkurunziza in Burundi, DRC“s tiny neigh-hour. Nkurunzi
17、za won a disputed election last year to retain power and has been accused of widespread human rights abuses by the UN and local campaigners. His associates, too, have been placed under US sanctions. Nkurunziza told Trump his victory is the victory of all Americans, and officials say they expect a ce
18、rtain improvement in relations. I “There“s a new administration that will have a different view. In my personal opinion, the last was misled by a few individuals who influenced the way decisions were taken and that will fade away now,“ said Nubwacu Lionel Yves, a press councillor of the president. J
19、 Such reactions are easily explained, said Prof Filip Reyntjens, a central Africa specialist at Antwerp University. “Rulers in DRC and Burundi will assume, perhaps correctly, that Trump“s world will be restricted to direct US interests with a view that human rights in far-off places do not concern,“
20、 he said. K Robert Mugabe, who has ruled Zimbabwe for 36 years, has not commented directly on Trump“s election. His government has been under US sanctions since 2001 following the violent seizure of land from farmers and the systematic repression of dissent. Mugabe“s officials have repeatedly accuse
21、d the US of seeking regime change, a common charge levelled by rulers across the continent. L Chris Mushohwe, Zimbabwe“s information minister, said the Trump administration “would restore our long-term relationship that we have enjoyed with the American people“, while an editorial in the Herald, a p
22、ro-government newspaper, lambasted Hillary Clinton for seeking to destabilize Zimbabwe and thanked US voters for “keeping this warmonger from the reins of power“. The opposition in Zimbabwe was “gutted by Clinton“s loss“, the newspaper reported. M Not all rulers are so pleased at Clinton“s defeat. T
23、he president of Rwanda, Paul Kagame, who can now theoretically rule until 2034 following a change to the constitution, had a close relationship with Clinton and her husband, and observers noted that his congratulations to Trump on “a well-earned victory“ were less gushing than others. N “I think the
24、y are pretty disappointed.A Clinton victory would have meant a friend in the White House,“ said Reyntjens. Three-thousand miles to the north, in the Saharan desert state of Chad, Trump“s victory received one of its most effusive welcomes. Idriss Dby, the country“s strongman and one of Africa“s longe
25、st-serving presidents, hailed the tycoon“s “brilliant“ win, and his “great qualities as a statesman“. O In South Sudan, where relations between president Salva Kiir and the US have broken down in recent months, a pro-government youth organisation called for a “welcome march“ for Trump. P There is li
26、ttle clarity on Trump“s potential policies in Africa, but most analysts believe the fight against Islamist extremism will be a central element. In his sole foreign-policy speech as a candidate, Trump mentioned Africa only once, referring to the 1998 al-Qaida bombings of the US embassies in Kenya and
27、 Tanzania.（分数：35.00）(1).The election result aroused fierce projection on the potential policy towards Africa.（分数：3.50）(2).Although the official relationship between Sudan and the US collapsed, a pro-government youth organization called for support for Trump.（分数：3.50）(3).According to Reyntjens, the v
28、ictory of a Clinton is more suitable for his advantage.（分数：3.50）(4).A pro-government newspaper criticized Hillary Clinton“s purpose of destabilizing Zimbabwe and praised US voters for their right choice.（分数：3.50）(5).Rulers in DRC and Burundiwill think Trump“s world will focus on direct US interests
29、and care little about human rights in remote places.（分数：3.50）(6).Congolese have complex feelings about US election result.（分数：3.50）(7).Most analysts believe the fight against Islamist extremism has great influence on Trump“s potential policies in Africa.（分数：3.50）(8).Trump“s victory may provide more
30、autocratic African rulers freedom to retain power, shut down media organizations, and so on.（分数：3.50）(9).The Obama administration had urged the president Joseph Kabila to hold elections before the end of his mandate in December.（分数：3.50）(10).Lambert Mend6 made it clear that Kabila“s government looks
31、 forward to more respectful relationship.（分数：3.50）四、Section C(总题数：0，分数：0.00)五、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：17.50)Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computer“s progress in the ability to learn from experien
32、ce. Because the game requires logical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer. What a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory it is a
33、sensible approach; in practice it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40,000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chessliterally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be, given enough
34、 people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding that much data. Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own program, to deal with a relat
35、ively unstructured situationin a word, to “think“ for itself. In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mecha
36、nical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game. There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted, winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking e
37、vent even when a computer does it. But there are many serious human problems which can be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problemsinternational and interpersonal relations,
38、ecology and economics, and the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers.（分数：17.50）(1).What is the purpose of creating chess-playing computers?（分数：3.50）A.It is to win the world chess champion.B.It is to pave the w
39、ay for further intelligent computers.C.It is to work out strategies for international wars.D.It is to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress.(2).Today, what can a chess-playing computer be programmed to?（分数：3.50）A.It can be programmed to learn from chess-playing in the early stag
40、e and go on to win the game.B.It can be programmed to function with complete data and beat the best players.C.It can be programmed to give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the game.D.It can be programmed to evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right re
41、sponse each time.(3).For a computer to “think“, it is necessary to _.（分数：3.50）A.manage to process as much data as possible in a secondB.program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC.prepare it for chess-playing firstD.enable it to deal with unstructured situations(4).What is the author“s att
42、itude towards the Defense Department?（分数：3.50）A.Critical.B.Unconcerned.C.Positive.D.Negative.(5).What can be inferred from the passage?（分数：3.50）A.Winning a chess game is an unimportant event.B.Serious human problems shouldn“t be regarded as playing a game.C.Ecological problems are more urgent to be
43、solved.D.There is hope for more intelligent computers.六、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：17.50)In the 1960s, medical researchers Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed a checklist of stressful events. They appreciated the tricky point that any major change can be stressful. Negative events like “serious illne
44、ss of a family member“ were high on the list, but so were some positive life-changing events, like marriage. When you take the Holmes-Rahe test you must remember that the score does not reflect how you deal with stressit only shows how much you have to deal with. And we now know that the way you han
45、dle these events dramatically affects your chances of staying healthy. By the early 1970s, hundreds of similar studies had followed Holmes and Rahe. And millions of Americans who work and live under stress worried over the reports. Somehow, the research got boiled down to a memorable message. Women“
46、s magazines ran headlines like “Stress causes illness!“ If you want to stay physically and mentally healthy, the articles said, avoid stressful events. But such simplistic advice is impossible to follow. Even if stressful events are dangerous, manylike the death of a loved oneare impossible to avoid
47、. Moreover, any warning to avoid all stressful events is a prescription (处方) for staying away from opportunities as well as trouble. Since any change can be stressful, a person who wanted to be completely free of stress would never marry, have a child, take a new job or move. The notion that all str
48、ess makes you sick also ignores a lot of what we know about people. It assumes we“re all vulnerable (脆弱的) and passive in the face of adversity. But what about human initiative and creativity? Many come through periods of stress with more physical and mental vigor than they had before. We also know t
49、hat a long time without change or challenge can lead to boredom, and physical and mental strain.（分数：17.50）(1).What does the result of Holmes-Rahe“s medical research tell us?（分数：3.50）A.The way you handle major events may cause stress.B.What should be done to avoid stress.C.What kind of event would cause stress.D.How to cope with sudden changes in life.(2).What did the studies on stress in the early 1970s lead to?（分数：3.50）A.The studies led to great panic over the mental disorder it could cause.B.The studies led to widespread concern over its harmful
