1、大学英语四级 80 及答案解析(总分：746.57，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changes in the Way People Spent Holidays. You should write at least 120 words according to the outlines given below in Chinese: （分数：30.00）_二、Rea
2、ding Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)Secrets of the Forest In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The Siriono, Holmberg later wrote, led a “strikingly
3、 backward“ existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a continuing and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for
4、small game and promising fish holes. When local resources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg Noted, the Siriono “may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world“. Other than bows arrows and crude digging sticks, they only tools the Siriono seemed to po
5、ssess were “two machetes (大砍刀) worn to the size of pocket-knives“. Amazonian as unable to sustain complex societies Although the lives of the Sirono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. Indeed, in many respects the Siriono sum up the popular con
6、ception of life in Amazonia. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the flourishing forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an ev
7、olutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof mat Amazonia could not-and cannot-sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environ
8、ment. Recent evidence The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11, 000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates th
9、at the region has supported a series of indigenous (本土的) cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies-some with populations perhaps as large as 100, 000-thrived there for more than 1, 000 years before the arrival of Europeans. (Indeed, some contemporary tribes, inclu
10、ding the Siriono, still live among the earthworks of earlier cultures). Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem “primitive“, the appearance is not the result of some
11、 environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. Investigators who argue otherwise have unwittingly projected the present onto the past. The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people b
12、y surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out
13、of the equation is no longer capable of being maintained in argument. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. The role of recent technology in ecological research in Amazonia The realizati
14、on comes none too soon. In June 1992, political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical fo
15、rest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legisl
16、ation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the “naturalism“ of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to
17、 the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians, whose presence is in fact crucial to the survival of the forest, have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with w
18、ise management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future. （分数：71.00）(1).The reason for the simplicity of the Indian way of life is that Amazonia has always been unable to support a more complex societ
19、y.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).There is a crucial popular misconception about the human history of Amazonia.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).There are lessons to be learned from similar ecosystems in other parts of the world.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Most ecologists were aware that the areas of Amazonia they were work
20、ing in bad been shaped by human settlement.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).Peter Feinsinger has noted that an approach that leaves people out of the equation is not tenable any more.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).The challenge is especially not easy in Amazonia.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).Policy makers struggle to define
21、 and implement appropriate legislation but fail.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(8).The other 1 of the “naturalism“ of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(9).The indigenous Amazonian Indians are 1 the well-being of the forest.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_(10).It would be possible for
22、certain parts of Amazonia to support 1.（分数：7.10）填空项 1:_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The man tends to repeat himself a lot.B.The room was fixed at the mans request.C.She also finds it easier to work there now.D.The man talks about working instead of doing it.A.Bill doesnt take good care of
23、 knives.B.This matter doesnt concern Bill.C.He wants to find a better tool.D.He wants Bill to fix the knife.A.Theres going to be a wedding.B.The people should learn that dance better.C.Big dances are the most fun.D.They need to print more invitations.A.He will no longer ask for their help.B.He will
24、regret not accepting their help.C.He still needs their help.D.He has to manage without their help.A.She is not feeling very well.B.She is very ill.C.She is annoyed with the doctor.D.She is badly hurt.A.Things to wear.B.The warm weather.C.Best material for making clothes.D.A bright shirt.A.Two weeks
25、form now.B.In about two days.C.He hasnt decided yet.D.In four weeks.A.Hes surprised she chose that agency.B.He wonders why shes kept her job.C.He doesnt know when her classes started.D.He doubts she makes much money now.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.The buildings there are almost the same.B.The build
26、ings there are gray and ugly.C.The city is heavily populated.D.All of the above.A.Its more crowded than Tokyo.B.Its more heavily populated than Tokyo.C.Its a bit smaller than Tokyo.D.Its more beautiful than Tokyo.A.About a week.B.A little more than a week.C.About two weeks.D.A little more than two w
27、eeks.A.Its already full.B.Its only offered in the morning.C.Its only open to poetry majors.D.It requires another class first.A.He has another class at the same time.B.Hes already familiar with the material.C.The class meets during his working hours.D.The class is too far away.A.He wants to work the
28、same schedule as his friends.B.He likes to do his homework in the evenings.C.All the other work schedules conflict with his classes.D.He doesnt want to ask his boss for another favor.A.The class size is smaller.B.It may offer the class he needs during the day.C.Its courses cost less.D.It has a pool.
29、A.The long distance between his hometown and New York.B.His criminal record.C.The high unemployment rate in New York.D.His unpopular character.A.He wanted to be put in prison again.B.He needed the money to support his family.C.He hated the barber there.D.He wanted to make himself well known.A.He wen
30、t directly to the police station.B.He drove out of the town and tried to escape.C.He waited for the police to arrest him.D.He argued with the police angrily.A.Mr. Spears enjoyed living in prison.B.Mr. Spears was known as a greedy man in his community.C.The police in New York were not very efficient.
31、D.The only way for Mr. Spears to support his family was by going to prison again.A.To regain their memory.B.To show off their wealth.C.To feel good.D.To be different from others.A.To play games with them.B.To send them to the hospital.C.To make them aware of its harmfulness.D.To help solve their psy
32、chological problem.A.They are fond of round-the-world trips.B.They are likely to commit crimes.C.They are mostly from broken families.D.They need care and affection.A.Sir John Hawkins.B.Drake.C.Sir Walter Raleigh.D.Bacon.A.The Royal family had never eaten potatoes before 1619.B.Potatoes have been th
33、e main food of the British.C.The Irish had lived on the potatoes during the last two centuries.D.The potato has been an important item of British diet.A.Growing potatoes in Ireland.B.Drinking very strong liquors.C.Failing to grow potatoes.D.Brewing a very strong liquor from the potato.六、Section C(总题
34、数：1，分数：10.00)For Americans, time is money. They say, “ You only get so much time in this life, youd better use it wisely. “The (36) 1without be better than the past or present, as Americans are (37) 2to see things, unless people use their time for constructive activities. Thus, Americans (38) 3a “we
35、ll-organized“ person, one who has a written list of things to do and a (39) 4for doing them. The ideal person is punctual and is (40) 5of other peoples time. They do not (41) 6peoples time with conversation or other activity that has no (42) 7beneficial outcome. The American attitude toward time is
36、not (43) 8shared by others, especially non-Europeans. They are more likely to regard time as (44) 9. One of the more difficult things many students must adjust to in the States is the notion that time must be saved whenever possible and used wisely every day. In this context (45) 10. McDonalds, KFC,
37、 and other fast food establishments are successful in a country where many people want to spend the least amount of time preparing and eating meals. As McDonalds restaurants (46) 11, bringing not just hamburgers, but an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and shiny cleanliness. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
38、项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky. If you say to your children “Im so
39、rry I got angry with you, but ” what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology. Another method by which pe
40、ople appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “Im sorry youre upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific
41、 act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “Im useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement. These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness, Parents
42、who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies. But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might ne
43、ed help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other childrens expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that rai
44、ding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parents clothes without permission is not. （分数：177.50）(1).If a mother adds ”but” to an apology,_.（分数：35.50）A.she doesnt feel that she should have apologized.B.she does not realize that the child has been hurtC.the chi
45、ld may find the apology easier to acceptD.the child may feel that he owes her an apology(2).According to the author, saying “Im sorry youre upset” most probably means”_”.（分数：35.50）A.You have good reason to get upsetB.Im aware youre upset ,but Im not to blameC.I apologize for hurting your feelingsD.I
46、m at fault for making you upset(3).It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because_.（分数：35.50）A.it gets one into the habit of making empty promisesB.it may make the other person feel guiltyC.it is vague and ineffectiveD.it is hurtful and insulting(4).We learn from the last parag
47、raph that in teaching children to say sorry_.（分数：35.50）A.the complexities involved should be ignoredB.their ages should be taken into accountC.parents need to set them a good exampleD.parents should be patient and tolerant(5).It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is _.（分数：35.
48、50）A.a social issue calling for immediate attentionB.not necessary among family membersC.a sign of social progressD.not as simple as it seemsThe word conservation has a thrifty(节俭) meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recen
